註釋

作者序

1　但我認為它們不會回來了：Cheng Ting-Fan, “TSMC Founder Morris Chang Says Globalization Almost Dead,” Nikkei Asia, Dec 7, 2022. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Most-read-in-2022/TSMC-founder-Morris-Chang-says-globalization-almost-dead

2　3奈米製程的晶圓廠：Steve Holland and Jane Lanhee Lee, “TSMC Triples Arizona Chip Plant Investment,” Reuters Dec 7, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-visit-taiwans-tsmc-chip-plant-arizona-hail-supply-chain-fixes-2022-12-06/

3　並不是一直那麼振奮：“Building Fabs in Arizona ‘Old Dream Revived,’” Focus Taiwan, Dec 7, 2022, https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202212070024

4　這個決定是由現任董事長做的：Podcast with Morris Chang, Brookings Institute, April 14, 2022, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Vying-for-Talent-Morris-Chang-20220414.pdf

5　美國要擔心的，不單只是晶片而已：Interview with Ron Norris, 2021; Mike Rogoway, “TSMC’s Morris Chang Explains Wafertech’s Failure,” Oregon Live, April 22, 2022, https://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/2022/04/tsmcs-morris-chang-explains-wafertechs-failure-in-camas-calls-push-for-us-chip-revival-an-exercise-in-futility.html

6　高超音速飛彈：Demetri Sevastopoulo, “China tests new space capability,” Financial Times, Oct. 16, 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb

7　註定會失敗：“Doomed to fail”: Kathrin Hille and Demetri Sevastopoulo, “TSMC: The Taiwanese Chipmaker Caught up in the Tech Cold War,” Financial Times, Oct 24, 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/bae9756a-3bce-4595-b6c9-8082fd735aa0

8　台積電從2013年起開始生產這種晶片：https://www.tsmc.com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/logic/l_16_12nm

9　受到衝擊的人數更多：Liza Lin and Karen Hao, “American Executives in Limbo at Chinese Chip Companies after U.S. Ban,” Wall Street Journal, Oct 16, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/american-executives-in-limbo-at-chinese-chip-companies-after-u-s-ban-11665912757?mod=article_inline

前言

1　印太地區動向資料：“USS Mustin Transits the Taiwan Strait,” Navy Press Releases, August 19, 2020, https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/PressReleases/display-pressreleases/Article/2317449/uss-mustin-transits-the-taiwan-strait/#images-3; Sam LaGrone, “Destroyer USS Mustin Transits Taiwan Strait Following Operations with Japanese Warship,” USNI News, August 18, 2020, https://news.usni.org/2020/08/18/destroyer-uss-mustin-transits-taiwan-strait-following-operations-with-japanese-warship.

2　進行演練：“China Says Latest US Navy Sailing Near Taiwan ‘Extremely Dangerous,’” Straits Times, August 20, 2020, https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-says-latest-us-navy-sailing-near-taiwan-extremely-dangerous; Liu Xuanzun, “PLA Holds Concentrated Military Drills to Deter Taiwan Secessionists, US,” Global Times, August 23, 2020, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202008/1198593.shtml.

3　晶片鎖喉（chip choke）策略：「鎖喉」這個詞是由Murray Scott首創，他的《Zen on Tech》電子報影響了我對半導體地緣政治的看法。

4　四分之一的收入來自手機：Antonio Varas, Raj Varadarajan, Jimmy Goodrich, and Falan Yinug, “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era,” Semiconductor Industry Association, April 2021, exhibit 2, https://www.semiconductors.org/wp-content/up10ads/2021/05/BCG-x-SIA-Strengthening-the-Global-Semiconductor-Value-Chain-April-2021_1.pdf; 按美元計價的話，手機占半導體銷售額的26％。

5　採購大部分的現成晶片：“iPhone 12 and 12 Pro Teardown,” IFixit, October 20, 2020, https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone+12+and+12+Pro+Teardown/137669.

6　人類歷史上最昂貴的工廠：“A Look Inside the Factory Around Which the Modern World Turns,” Economist, December 21, 2019.

7　118億個微小電晶體：Angelique Chatman, “Apple iPhone 12 Has Reached 100 Million Sales, Analyst Says,” CNET, June 30, 2021; Omar Sohail, “Apple A14 Bionic Gets Highlighted with 11.8 Billion Transistors,” WCCFTech, September 15, 2020.

8　不是 118 億個，而是 4 個：Isy Haas, Jay Last, Lionel Kattner, and Bob Norman moderated by David Laws, “Oral History of Panel on the Development and Promotion of Fairchild Micrologic Integrated Circuits,” Computer History Museum, October 6, 2007, https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102658200-05-01-acc.pdf; interview with David Laws, 2022.

9　每個位元約2美分：Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics 38, No. 8 (April 19, 1965), https://newsroom.intel.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/moores-law-electronics.pdf; Intel 1103 data from “Memory Lane,” Nature Electronics 1 (June 13, 2018), https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-018-0098-9.

10　三分之一是來自台灣製造的晶片：根據半導體協會的資料，2019年37％的邏輯晶片在台灣生產; Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era.”

11　都是由台積電生產：Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era,” p. 35.

12　無法取得需要的半導體：Mark Fulthorpe and Phil Amsrud, “Global Light Vehicle Production Impacts Now Expected Well into 2022,” IHS Market, August 19, 2021, https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/global-light-vehicle-production-impacts-now-expected-well-into.html.

13　44％的記憶晶片：Varas et al., “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era.”

14　最高機密的安全許可：訪問張忠謀, 2022.

第一章　從鋼到矽

1　勤奮好學的年輕工程師：Details on Morita's life are from Akio Morita, Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony (HarperCollins, 1987).

2　擊即將到來：Morris C. M. Chang, The Autobiography of Morris C. M. Chang (Commonwealth Publishing, 2018). Thanks to Mindy Tu for help with translation.

3　那場席捲亞洲的鋼鐵颱風：Andrew Grove, Swimming Across (Warner Books, 2002), p. 52.

4　切腹自殺：John Nathan, Sony: A Private Life (Houghton Mifflin, 2001), p. 16.

5　打橋牌：Chang, Autobiography of Morris C. M. Chang.

6　追熱飛彈：Morita, Made in Japan, p. 1.

7　製成表格：David Alan Grier, When Computers Were Human (Princeton University Press, 2005), ch. 13; Mathematical Tables Project, Table of Reciprocals of the Integers from 100,000 through 200,009 (Columbia University Press, 1943).

8　落在離目標30米的範圍內：Robert P. Patterson, The United States Strategic Bombing Survey: Summary Report (United States Department of War, 1945), p. 15, in The United States Strategic Bombing Surveys (Air University Press, 1987), https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/B_0020_SPANGRUD_STRATEGIC_BOMBING_SURVEYS.pdf.

9　「除蟲」（debug）：T. R. Reid, The Chip (Random House, 2001), p. 11.

10　1 萬 8 千根真空管：Derek Cheung and Eric Brach, Conquering the Electron: The Geniuses, Visionaries, Egomaniacs, and Scoundrels Who Built Our Electronic Age (Roman & Littlefield, 2011), p. 173.

第二章　開關

1　一種叫「半導體」的東西：Joel Shurkin, Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age (Macmillan, 2006)是對蕭克利最好的描述，亦參見Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson, Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age (Norton, 1997).

2　把原子結合起來：Gino Del Guercio and Ira Flatow, “Transistorized!” PBS, 1999, https://www.pbs.org/Oansistor/tv/script1.html.

3　「固態開關」理論：Riordan and Hoddeson, Crystal Fire, esp. pp. 112-114.

4　半導體材料理論：這裡對電晶體的描述大量引用Riordan and Hoddeson, Crystal Fire, and Cheung and Brach, Conquering the Electron.

5　自己設計出了一種開關：Cheung and Brach, Conquering the Electron, pp. 206-207.

6　執行運算任務：Riordan and Hoddeson, Crystal Fire, p. 165; “SCIENCE 1948: Little Brain Cell,” Time, 1948, http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,952095,00.html.

第三章　諾伊斯、基爾比，以及積體電路

1　也能登上《華爾街日報》：Cheung and Brach, Conquering the Electron, p. 228.

2　授權給其他公司：同前, p. 214.

3　電晶體系統的電路所造成的複雜性：訪問Ralph Calvin, 2021; Jay W. Lathrop, an oral history conducted in 1996 by David Morton, IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.

4　在貝爾實驗室以外使用電晶體的人之一：Jack Kilby interview by Arthur L. Norberg, Charles Babbage Institute, June 21, 1984, pp. 11-19, https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/r107410/oh074jk.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

5　生產聲納設備：Caleb III Pirtle, Engineering the World: Stories from the First 75 Years of Texas Instruments (Southern Methodist University Press, 2005), p. 29.

6　組裝多個元件：David Brock and David Laws, “The Early History of Microcircuitry,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 34, No. 1 (January 2012), https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6109206; T. R. Reid, The Chip (Random House, 2001).

7　快捷半導體（Fairchild Semiconductor）：Shurkin, Broken Genius, p. 173; “Gordon Moore,” PBS, 1999, https://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/moore/index.html; 關於快捷半導體的其他重要書籍，包括Arnold Thackray, David C. Brock, and Rachel Jones, Moore's Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley’s Quiet Revolutionary (Basic, 2015), and Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley (Oxford University Press, 2005).

8　並不曉得基爾比的存在：“1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented,” Computer History Museum, https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/practical-monolithic-integrated-circuit-concept-patented/; Christophe Lecuyer and David Brock, Makers of the Microchip (MIT Press, 2010); Robert N. Noyce, Semiconductor Device-and-Lead Structure, USA, 2981877, filed Jul 30, 1959 and issued Apr 25, 1961, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e1/73/1e/7404cd5ad6325c/US2981877.pdf; Michael Riordan, “The Silicon Dioxide Solution,” IEEE Spectrum, December 1, 2007, https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-silicon-dioxide-solution; Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, pp. 53-81.

9　製造成本是50倍：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 112.

第四章　登月

1　「蘇聯的『月亮』繞著地球轉」：“Satellite Reported Seen over S.F.,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 1957, p. 1.

2　信任危機：Robert Divine, The Sputnik Challenge (Oxford, 1993). 關於冷戰對美國科學的影響，我的看法是受到底下作品的影響：Margaret O'Mara, Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley (Princeton University Press, 2015); Audra J. Wolfe, Competing with the Soviets: Science, Technology, and the State in Cold War America (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013); and Steve Blank, “Secret History of Silicon Valley,” Lecture at the Computer History Museum, November 20, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTC_RxWN_xo.

3　預計產生的電力還多：Eldon C. Hall, Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer (American Institute of Aeronautics, 1996), pp. xxi, 2; Paul Cerruzi, “The Other Side of Moore's Law: The Apollo Guidance Computer, the Integrated Circuit, and the Microelectronics Revolution, 1962-1975,” in R. Lanius and H. McCurdy, NASA Spaceflight (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).

4　看那東西是不是真的：Hall, Journey to the Moon, p. 80.

5　耗電量也比較少：Hall, Journey to the Moon, pp. xxi, 2, 4, 19, 80, 82; Tom Wolfe, “The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce,” Esquire, December 1983.

6　2100萬美元：Robert N. Noyce, “Integrated Circuits in Military Equipment,” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Spectrum, June 1964; Christophe Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry: Component Design, Mass Production, and the Move to Commercial Markets at Fairchild Semiconductor, 1960-1967,” History and Technology 16 (1999): 183; Michael Riordan, “The Silicon Dioxide Solution,” IEEE Spectrum, December 1, 2007, https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-silicon-dioxide-solution.

7　已降至15美元：Hall, Journey to the Moon, p. 83.

8　向軍方銷售電子系統：Charles Phipps, “The Early History of ICs at Texas Instruments: A Personal View,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 34, No. 1 (January 2012): 37-47.

9　每件電子產品中：Norman J. Asher and Leland D. Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” Institute for Defense Analyses, May 1, 1977, p. 54.

10　彷彿能預測一切：訪問Bill Heye, 2021; 訪問張忠謀, 2022.

11　義勇兵二型導彈（Minuteman II missile）：Patrick E. Haggerty, “Strategies, Tactics, and Research,” Research Management 9, No. 3 (May 1966): 152-153.

12　輸入導引電腦：Marshall William McMurran, Achieving Accuracy: A Legacy of Computers and Missiles (Xlibris US, 2008), p. 281.

13　當時真的選擇不多：訪問 Bob Nease、Marshall McMurran、Steve Roemerman, 2021; David K. Stumpf, Minuteman: A Technical History of the Missile That Defined American Nuclear Warfare (University of Arkansas Press, 2020), p. 214; Patrick E. Haggerty, “Strategies, Tactics, and Research,” Research Management 9, No. 3 (May 1966): 152-153; 亦參見 Bob Nease and D. C. Hendrickson, A Brief History of Minuteman Guidance and Control (Rockwell Autonetics Defense Electronics, 1995); McMurran, Achieving Accuracy, ch. 12. 感謝 David Stumpf與我分享了Nease與Henderson的論文。

14　民兵導彈計畫：Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 83; Hall, Journey to the Moon, p. 19; “Minuteman Is Top Semiconductor User,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 26, 1965, p. 83.

第五章　迫擊炮與量產

1　正式到德州儀器上班：Correspondence with Jay Lathrop, 2021; 訪問 Walter Cardwell, 2021; 訪問 John Gowdy, 2021; Jay Lathrop and James R. Nall, Semiconductor Construction, USA, 2890395A, filed October 31, 1957, and issued June 9, 1959, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e2/4d/4b/8d90caa48db31b/US2890395.pdf; Jay Lathrop, “The Diamond Ordinance Fuze Laboratory's Photolithographic Approach to Microcircuits,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35, No. 1 (2013): 48-55.

2　檢查工程師的實驗：Correspondence with Jay Lathrop, 2021; 訪問Mary Anne Potter, 2021.

3　全天候的測試：訪問 Mary Anne Potter, 2021; Mary Anne Potter, “Oral History,” Transistor Museum, September 2001, http://www.semiconductormuseum.com/Transistors/TexasInstruments/OralHistories/Potter/Potter_Page2.htm.

4　加入德州儀器：Chang, Autobiography of Morris Chang; “Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in Conversation with President John L. Hennessy,” Stanford Online, YouTube Video, April 25, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEh3ZgbvBrE.

5　而必須報廢：Oral History of Morris Chang, interviewed by Alan Patterson, Computer History Museum, August 24, 2007; 訪問張忠謀, 2022.

6　那不算待過德儀：訪問Bill Heye與Gil Varnell, 2021.

7　良率大幅提升到25％：Oral History of Morris Chang, interviewed by Alan Patterson, Computer History Museum, August 24, 2007.

8　到達拉斯學習他的方法：Tekla S. Perry, “Morris Chang: Foundry Father,” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Spectrum, April 19, 2011, https://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/tech-careers/morris-chang-foundry-father.

9　公司就不用開了：David Laws, “A Company of Legend: The Legacy of Fairchild Semiconductor,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 32, No. 1 (January 2010): 64.

10　我們倆一拍即合：Charles E. Sporck and Richard Molay, Spinoff: A Personal History of the Industry That Changed the World (Saranac Lake Publishing, 2001), pp. 71-72; Christophe Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry”: 45.

第六章　 「我——要——去——賺——大——錢」

1　從魚雷到遙測系統：Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 74.

2　95％以上的積體電路：Robert Noyce, “Integrated Circuits in Military Equipment,” IEEE Spectrum (June 1964): 71.

3　他們通常也不是職業軍官：Thomas Heinrich, “Cold War Armory: Military Contracting in Silicon Valley,” Enterprise & Society 3, No. 2 (June 2002): 269; Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry”: 186.

4　Zenith的助聽器：Reid, The Chip, p. 151.

5　要冒險才算投資：Dirk Hanson, The New Alchemists: Silicon Valley and the Microelectronics Revolution (Avon Books, 1983), p. 93.

6　洛克希德馬丁公司遙遙領先：US Government Armed Services Technical Information Agency, Survey of Microminiaturization of Electronic Equipment, P. V. Horton and T. D. Smith, AD269 300, Arlington, VA: Air Force Ballistic Missile Division Air Research Development Command, United States Air Force, 1961, pp. 23, 37, 39, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0269300.

7　摩爾定律：Moore, “Cramming More Computers onto Integrated Circuits.”

8　就是好生意：Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 73; Herbert Kleiman, The Integrated Circuit: A Case Study of Product Innovation in the Electronics Industry (George Washington University Press, 1966), p. 57.

9　更多的客戶來試用晶片：Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry”: esp. 189, 194, 222; Kleiman, The Integrated Circuit, p. 212; Ernest Braun and Stuart Macdonald, Revolution in Miniature: The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics (Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 114.

10　市占率是 80％：Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 64; Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 138; Lecuyer, “Silicon for Industry”: 180, 188.

11　一樣重大的創新：“Oral History of Charlie Sporck,” Computer History Museum, YouTube Video, March 2, 2017, 1:11:48, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duMUvoKP-pk; Asher and Strom, “The Role of the Department of Defense in the Development of Integrated Circuits,” p. 73; Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 138.

12　「悄然施行的社會主義」：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 120.

13　「我——要——去——賺——大——錢。」：Michael Malone, The Intel Trinity (Michael Collins, 2014), p. 31.

第七章　蘇聯矽谷

1　來到了帕羅奧圖：Y. Nosov, “Tranzistor—Nashe Vse. K Istorii Velikogo Otkrytiya,” Elektronika, 2008, https://www.electronics.ru/journal/article/363; A. F. Trutko, IREX Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; for “Crothers Memorial Hall,” see the Stanford 1960 Yearbook.

2　領先二到四年：CIA, “Production of Semiconductor Devices in the USSR,” CIA/RR, November 1959, 59-44.

3　更令人振奮的任務了：訪問Lev Lapkis、Valery Kotkin、Sergei Osokin、Sergey Sudjin, 2021; 關於蘇聯對美國出版品的研究：N. S. Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya (Universitet Dmitriya Pozharskogo, 2013), pp. 206-207; “Automate the Boss' Office,” Business Week, April 1956, p. 59; A. A. Vasenkov, “Nekotorye Sobytiya iz Istorii Mikroelekroniki,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2010, https://computer-museum.ru/books/vasenkov/vasenkov3-1.htm; B. Malashevich, “Pervie Integralnie Skhemi,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2008, https://www.computer-museum.ru/histekb/integral_1.htm.

4　人造衛星的蹤影：訪問Lev Lapkis、Valery Kotkin、Sergey Sudjin.

5　電視可以做成菸盒大小：A. A. Shokin, Ocherki Istorii Rossiiskoi Elektroniki, v. 6 (Tehnosfera, 2014), p. 520.

6　俄羅斯的猶太人：在蘇聯，沙蘭特改名為 Philip Staros，巴爾改名為 Joseph Berg；關於他們的職務細節，我主要是援引 Steven T. Usdin, Engineering Communism (Yale University Press, 2005).

7　想出了他們的版本：Usdin, Engineering Communism, p. 175; Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya, p. 212. 關於巴爾與沙蘭特的影響規模，俄羅斯的微電子專家對此有一些爭論。他們不是獨自創造出蘇聯的電腦業，但顯然扮演重要的角色。

8　赫魯雪夫抵達當地：Usdin, Engineering Communism, pp. 203-209.

9　這是我們的未來：Shokin, Ocherki Istorii Rossiiskoi Elektroniki, v. 6, pp. 522-523, 531.

第八章　 「給我抄！」

1　給你們三個月的時間：Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya, p. 210; see also A. A. Vasenkov, “ Nekotorye Sobytiya iz Istorii Mikroelekroniki,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2010, https://computer-museum.ru/books/vasenkov/vasenkov3-1.htm; Boris Malin file, IREX Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C; Shokin, Ocherki Istorii Rossiiskoi Elektroniki v. 6, p. 543.

2　在莫斯科學不到的東西：B. Malashevich, “Pervie Integralnie Shemi,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2008, https://www.computer-museum.ru/histekb/integral_1.htm; Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya, p. 65; Oral History of Yury R. Nosov, interviewed by Rosemary Remackle, Computer History Museum, May 17, 2012, pp. 22-23.

3　都處於落後狀態：Ronald Amann et al., The Technological Level of Soviet Industry (Yale University Press, 1977).

4　更精準地抄襲美國的設計：A. A. Vasenkov, “Nekotorye Sobytiya iz Istorii Mikroelekroniki,” Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2010, https://computer-museum.ru/books/vasenkov/vasenkov3-1.htm; B. V. Malin, “Sozdanie Pervoi Otechestvennoi Mikroshemy,”Virtualnyi Kompyuternyi Muzei, 2000, https://www.computer-museum.ru/technlgy/su_chip.htm.

5　談論他的發明：訪問Sergei Osokin, 2021.

第九章　電晶體推銷員

1　跟「電晶體推銷員」沒兩樣：這篇關於盛田昭夫訪問的報導，取自Miina Matsuyama翻譯的日文資訊；參見Nick Kapur, Japan at the Crossroads After Anpo (Harvard University Press, 2018), p. 84; Shiota Ushio, Tokyo Wa Moetaka (Kodansha, 1988); Shintaro Ikeda, “The Ikeda Administration's Diplomacy Toward Europe and the ‘Three-Pillar’ Theory,” Hiroshima Journal of International Studies 13 (2007); Kawamura Kazuhiko, Recollections of Postwar Japan, S25 (History Study Group, 2020).

2　是更好的風險：Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, “National Security Council Report,” in David W. Mabon, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Japan, Volume XXIII, Part 1 (United States Government Printing Office, 1991), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v23p1/d28; Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, “No. 588 Note by the Executive Secretary (Lay) to the National Security Council,” in David W. Mabon and Harriet D. Schwar, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, China and Japan, Volume XIV, Part 2 (United States Government Printing Office, 1985), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v14p2/d588.

3　以科技與科學強國的形式重生：Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, “National Security Council Report.”

4　一個有趣的消息：Bob Johnstone, We Were Burning: Japanese Entrepreneurs and the Forging of the Electronic Age (Basic Books, 1999), p. 16; Makoto Kikuchi, an oral history conducted in 1994 by William Aspray, IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.

5　心跳就會開始加快：Makoto Kikuchi, “How a Physicist Fell in Love with Silicon in the Early Years of Japanese R&D,” in H. R. Huff, H. Tsuya, and U. Gosele, eds., Silicon Materials Science and Technology, v. 1 (The Electrochemical Society, Inc., 1998), p. 126; Makoto Kikuchi, an oral history conducted in 1994 by William Aspray, IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Johnstone, We Were Burning, p. 15.

6　沒見過那麼多閃光燈：Vicki Daitch and Lillian Hoddeson, True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen: The Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics (Joseph Henry Press, 2002), pp. 173-174.

7　那看起來很「神奇」：Nathan, Sony, p. 13; Morita, Made in Japan, pp. 70-71.

8　似乎什麼都有：Morita, Made in Japan, p. 1.

9　「不可原諒的荒謬行為」：Hyungsub Choi, “Manufacturing Knowledge in Transit: Technical Practice, Organizational Change, and the Rise of the Semiconductor Industry in the United States and Japan, 1948-1960,” PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 2007, p. 113; Johnstone, We Were Burning, p. xv.

10　但我們知道：Simon Christopher Partner, “Manufacturing Desire: The Japanese Electrical Goods Industry in the 1950s,” PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1997, p. 296; Andrew Pollack, “Akio Morita, Co-Founder of Sony and Japanese Business Leader, Dies at 78,” New York Times, October 4, 1999.

11　電晶體收音機：Pirtle, Engineering the World, pp. 73-74; Robert J. Simcoe, “The Revolution in Your Pocket,” American Heritage 20, No. 2 (Fall 2004).

12　給了快捷：John E. Tilton, International Diffusion of Technology: The Case of Semiconductors (Brookings Institution, 1971), pp. 57, 141, 148; “Leo Esaki Facts,” The Nobel Foundation, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1973/esaki/facts/.

13　消費電子領域的索尼：Johnstone, We Were Burning, ch. 1 and pp. 40-41.

14　激增到約二十年後的600億美元：Kenneth Flamm, “Internationalization in the Semiconductor Industry,” in Joseph Grunwald and Kenneth Flamm, eds., The Global Factory: Foreign Assembly in International Trade (Brookings Institution, 1985), p. 70; Bundo Yamada, “Internationalization Strategies of Japanese Electronics Companies: Implications for Asian Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs),” OECD Development Centre, October 1990, https://www.oecd.org/japan/33750058.pdf.

15　他們的淨利：Choi, Manufacturing Knowledge in Transit, pp. 191-192.

16　尋求經濟支持：“Marketing and Export: Status of Electronics Business,” Electronics, May 27, 1960, p. 95.

17　製造電晶體收音機的：Henry Kissinger, “Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, April 10, 1973, 11:13 a.m.-12:18 p.m.,” in Bradley Lynn Coleman, David Goldman, and David Nickles, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973-1976 (Government Printing Office, 2010), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d293.

18　幫你們打通關：訪問 Bill Heye, 2021; 訪問張忠謀, 2022; J. Fred Bucy, Dodging Elephants: The Autobiography of J. Fred Bucy (Dog Ear Publishing, 2014), pp. 92-93.

19　國民所得翻倍的目標：Johnstone, We Were Burning, p. 364.

第十章　電晶體女孩

1　東方古老的樂趣上：Paul Daniels, The Transistor Girls (Stag, 1964).

2　非常注重效率：Eugene J. Flath interview by David C. Brock, Science History Institute, February 28, 2007.

3　管你們去死：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum; Sporck and Molay, Spinoff: A Personal History of the Industry That Changed the World.

4　提高生產力：Andrew Pollack, “In the Trenches of the Chip Wars, a Struggle for Survival,” New York Times, July 2, 1989; Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, p. 63; Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.

5　裝配線的工作：Glenna Matthew, Silicon Valley, Women, and the California Dream: Gender, Class, and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century (Stanford University Press, 2002), ch. 1-3.

6　也只能靠手工完成：Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, pp. 87-88.

7　斯波克很快就搭機去看了：Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, pp. 91-93; William F. Finan, Matching Japan in Quality: How the Leading U.S. Semiconductor Firms Caught Up with the Best in Japan (MIT Japan Program, 1993), p. 61; Julius Blank interview by David C. Brock, Science History Institute, March 20, 2006, p. 10; Oral History of Julius Blank, interviewed by Craig Addison, Computer History Museum, January 25, 2008.

8　願意忍受單調的工作：John Henderson, The Globalisation of High Technology Production (Routledge, 1989), p. 110; Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, p. 94; Harry Sello Oral History interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, April 2, 2004.

9　成本會貴得驚人：Sporck and Molay, Spinoff, p. 95; Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.

10　南韓是 10 美分：William F. Finan, “The International Transfer of Semiconductor Technology Through U.S.-Based Firms,” NBER Working Paper no. 118, December 1975, pp. 61-62.

11　「幾乎是禁止」工會的：Craig Addison, Oral History Interview with Clements E. Pausa, June 17, 2004.

12　在東方從來沒有這種問題：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum; 另參閱電腦歷史博物館（Computer History Museum）中有關工會、工資協商、國際勞工組織（International Labor Organization）規則的廣泛討論, “Fairchild Oral History Panel: Manufacturing and Support Services,” October 5, 2007.

第十一章　精準打擊

1　戰場上飄起的縷縷煙霧：訪問Bill Heye, 2021.

2　投下的炸彈還多：Samuel J. Cox, “H-017-2: Rolling Thunder—A Short Overview,” Naval History and Heritage Command, March 27, 2018, https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-017/h-017-2.html#:~:text=These%20U.S.%20strikes%20dropped%20864%2C000,years%20of%20World%20War%20II.

3　竟然只有四例：Barry Watts, Six Decades of Guided Munitions and Battle Networks: Progress and Prospects (Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2007), p. 133.

4　根本沒擊中目標：US Government Naval Air Systems Command, “Report of the Air-to-Air Missile System Capability Review July-November 1968,” AD-A955-143, Naval History and Heritage Command, April 23, 2021, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/naval-aviation-history/ault-report.html; Watts, Six Decades of Guided Munitions, p. 140.

5　基本上是不可能的：James E. Hickey, Precision-Guided Munitions and Human Suffering in War (Routledge, 2016), p. 98.

6　必要的組件：訪問 Steve Roemerman, 2021; Paul G. Gillespie, “Precision Guided Munitions: Constructing a Bomb More Potent Than the A-Bomb,” PhD dissertation, Lehigh University, 2002.

7　常在訓練與戰場上使用：訪問Steve Roemerman, 2021.

8　像平價家庭轎車一樣的武器：訪問Steve Roemerman, 2021.

9　德儀能幫上忙嗎？“Obituary of Colonel Joseph Davis Jr.,” Northwest Florida Daily News, August 24-26, 2014; Gillespie, “Precision Guided Munitions,” pp. 117-118; Walter J. Boyne, “Breaking the Dragon's Jaw,” Air Force Magazine, August 2011, pp. 58-60, https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/August%2020110811jaw.pdf. Vernon Loeb, “Bursts of Brilliance,” Washington Post, December 15, 2002.

10　M117炸彈：Gillespie, “Precision Guided Munitions,” p. 116.

11　精準摧毀的工具：同前, pp. 125, 172.

12　狂妄豪語：William Beecher, “Automated Warfare Is Foreseen by Westmoreland After Vietnam,” New York Times, October 14, 1969. 然而，國防理論家已經意識到，精準打擊的武器將改變戰爭; 參見James F. Digby, Precision-Guided Munitions: Capabilities and Consequences, RAND Paper P-5257, June 1974, and The Technology of Precision Guidance: Changing Weapon Priorities, New Risks, New Opportunities, RAND Paper P-5537, November 1975.

第十二章　供應鏈布局

1　僅限於酒吧與舞女：“Taiwan's Development of Semiconductors Was Not Smooth Sailing,” tr. Claus Soong, Storm Media, June 5, 2019, https://www.storm.mg/article/1358975?mode=whole.000.

2　第一根真空管：“Mark Shepherd Jr. Obituary,” Dallas Morning News, February 6-8, 2009; Ashlee Vance, “Mark Shepherd, a Force in Electronics, Dies at 86,” New York Times, February 9, 2009.

3　欺負落後國家的東西：“Taiwan's Development of Semiconductors was not Smooth Sailing”; 訪問張忠謀, 2022.

4　經濟援助：David W. Chang, “U.S. Aid and Economic Progress in Taiwan,” Asian Survey 5, No. 3 (March 1965): 156; Nick Cullather, “‘Fuel for the Good Dragon’: The United States and Industrial Policy in Taiwan, 1950-1960,” Diplomatic History 20, No. 1 (Winter 1996): 1.

5　這項計畫的核心：Wolfgang Saxon, “Li Kwoh-ting, 91, of Taiwan Dies; Led Effort to Transform Economy,” New York Times, June 2, 2001.

6　工資也會維持在低檔：“Taiwan’s Development of Semiconductors was not Smooth Sailing.”

7　已突破10億個：L. Sophia Wang, K.T. LI and the Taiwan Experience (National Tsing Hua University Press, 2006), p. 216; “TI Taiwan Chronology,” in Far East Briefing Book, Texas Instruments Papers, Southern Methodist University Library, October 18, 1989.

8　「吸收新加坡的失業」：Henry Kissinger, “Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, April 10, 1973, 11:13 a.m.-12:18 p.m.,” in Bradley Lynn Coleman, David Goldman, and David Nickles, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973-1976 (Government Printing Office, 2010), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d293; Linda Lim and Pang Eng Fong, Trade, Employment and Industrialisation in Singapore (International Labour Office, 1986), p. 156.

9　南韓、台灣與東南亞：Joseph Grunwald and Kenneth Flamm, The Global Factory: Foreign Assembly in International Trade (Brookings Institution Press, 1994), p. 100.

10　收入較高的工作：Kenneth Flamm, “Internationalization in the Semiconductor Industry,” in Grunwald and Flamm, The Global Factory, p. 110; Lim and Pang Eng Fong, Trade, Employment and Industrialisation in Singapore, p. 156; Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics (Census and Statistics Department, 1984), table 3.12, https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/B1010003/att/B10100031984AN84E0100.pdf; G. T. Harris and Tai Shzee Yew, “Unemployment Trends in Peninsular Malaysia During the 1970s,” ASEAN Economic Bulletin 2, No. 2 (November 1985): 118−132.

11　繼續在台灣發展：Meeting with Prime Minister Li, Taipei, September 23, 1977, and Reception/Buffett—Taipei. September 23, 1977. Mark Shepherd Remarks, in Mark Shepherd Papers, Correspondence, Reports, Speeches, 1977, Southern Methodist University Library, folder 90-69; Associated Press, “Mark Shepherd Jr.; led Texas Instruments,” Boston Globe, February 9, 2009.

第十三章　英特爾的改革者

1　創立自己的電子公司：“Marge Scandling, “2 of Founders Leave Fairchild; Form Own Electronics Firm,” Palo Alto Times, August 2, 1968.

2　這波爆炸性的成長：Lucien V. Auletta, Herbert J. Hallstead, and Denis J. Sullivan, “Ferrite Core Planes and Arrays: IBM's Manufacturing Evolution,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 5, No. 4 (December 1969); John Markoff, “IBM's Robert H. Dennard and the Chip That Changed the World,” IBM, November 7, 2019, https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2019/11/ibms-robert-h-dennard-and-the-chip-that-changed-the-world/.

3　來看半導體：Emma Neiman, “A Look at Stanford Computer Science, Part I: Past and Present,” Stanford Daily, April 15, 2015; “Interview with Marcian E. Hoff, Jr., 1995 March 03,” Stanford Libraries, March 3, 1995, https://exhibits.stanford.edu/silicongenesis/catalog/jj158jn5943.

4　比英特爾的更強大：Robert N. Noyce and Marcian E. Hoff, “A History of Microprocessor Development at Intel,” IEEE Micro 1, No. 1 (February 1981); Ted Hoff and Stan Mazor interview by David Laws, Computer History Museum, September 20, 2006; “Ted Hoff: The Birth of the Microprocessor and Beyond,” Stanford Engineering, November 2006.

5　掀起一場革命：Sarah Fallon, “The Secret History of the First Microprocessor,” Wired, December 23, 2020; Ken Shirriff, “The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors,” IEEE Spectrum, August 30, 2016.

6　這將改變世界：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 205; Gordon Moore, “On Microprocessors,” IEEE, 1976; Ross Knox Bassett, To the Digital Age (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 281; Malone, The Intel Trinity, pp. 177-178; Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973; Fallon, “The Secret History of the First Microprocessor.”

7　裝滿了Raytheon 2N706電晶體：訪問Carver Mead, 2021.

8　無窮的運算力：Carver Mead, “Computers That Put the Power Where It Belongs,” Engineering and Science XXXVI, No. 4 (February 1972).

9　破壞學校的小伙子才不是：Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips.”

第十四章　國防部的抵銷策略

1　軍事方面的頂尖專家：William Perry interview by Russell Riley, University of Virginia's The Miller Center, February 21, 2006; William J. Perry, My Journey at the Nuclear Brink (Stanford Security Studies, 2015), ch. 1-2.

2　購買晶片：訪問William Perry, 2021; Zachary Wasserman, “Inventing Startup Capitalism,” PhD dissertation, Yale University, 2015.

3　機床廠工作：Andrew Krepinevich and Barry Watts, The Last Warrior: Andrew Marshall and the Shaping of Modern American Defense Strategy (Basic Books, 2015), pp. 4, 9, 95.

4　領先優勢：A. W. Marshall, “Long-Term Competition with the Soviets: A Framework for Strategic Analysis,” Rand Corporation, R-862-PR, April 1972, https://www.rand.og/pubs/reEorts/R862.html.

5　500億美元的資金：Testimony of William Perry, Senate Committee on Armed Services, Department of Defense, Authorization for Appropriations for FY 79, Part 8: Research and Development, 96th United States Congress, 1979, pp. 5506-5937; Kenneth P. Werrell, The Evolution of the Cruise Missile (Air University Press, 1985), p. 180.

6　區分鯨魚與潛艇：Richard H. Van Atta, Sidney Reed, and Seymour J. Deitchman, DARPA Technical Accomplishments Volume II (Institute for Defense Analyses, 1991), p. “12-2.”

7　這樣的新系統：Werrell, Evolution of the Cruise Missile, p. 136.

8　「突擊破壞者」（Assault Breaker）：Van Atta et al., DARPA Technical Accomplishments Volume II, pp. 5—10.

9　部署『智慧型』武器：訪問Steve Roemerman, 2021; William J. Perry interview by Alfred Goldberg, Office of the Secretary of Defense, January 9, 1981.

10　「耍花樣」：Fred Kaplan, “Cruise Missiles: Wonder Weapon or Dud?” High Technology, February 1983; James Fallows, National Defense (Random House, 1981), p. 55; William Perry, “Fallows' Fallacies: A Review Essay,” International Security 6, No. 4 (Spring 1982): 179.

11　「老古板」：William Perry interview by Russell Riley, University of Virginia's The Miller Center, February 21, 2006.

第十五章　競爭激烈

1　跟地獄沒兩樣：訪問Richard Anderson, 2021; Michael Malone, Bill and Dave: How Hewlett and Packard Built the World’s Greatest Company (Portfolio Hardcover, 2006); “Market Conditions and International Trade in Semiconductors,” Field Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee of Ways and Means, House of Representatives, 96th Congress, April 28, 1980.

2　「咖嚓、咖嚓」國度：Michael Malone, The Big Score (Stripe Press, 2021), p. 248; Jorge Contreras, Laura Handley, and Terrence Yang, “Breaking New Ground in the Law of Copyright,” Harvard Law Journal of Technology 3 (Spring 1990).

3　10倍以上：Rosen Electronics Newsletter, March 31, 1980.

4　「長尾」：Malone, The Intel Trinity, p. 284; Fred Warshofsky, Chip War: The Battle for the World of Tomorrow (Scribner, 1989), p. 101.

5　最先進的積體電路：TPS-L2: User Manual (Sony Corporation, 1981), p. 24.

6　3.85億台隨身聽：“Vol. 20: Walkman Finds Its Way into the Global Vocabulary,” Sony, https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/capsule/20/.

7　競爭有多激烈：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.

第十六章　 與日本開戰

1　無法中途放棄搏鬥：Mark Simon, “Jerry Sanders/Silicon Valley's Tough Guy,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 4, 2001; Thomas Skornia, A Case Study in Realizing the American Dream: Sanders and Advanced Micro Devices: The First Fifteen Years, 1969-1984 (1984), https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2019/01/102721657-05-01-acc.pdf.

2　必須擊倒、奮戰、宰了對方：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.

3　技術、生產力、品質的經濟戰：Michael S. Malone, “Tokyo, Calif,” New York Times, November 1, 1981; Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.

4　日立的員工遭到逮捕：Thomas C. Hayes, “American Posts Bail as Details of Operation by F.B.I. Unfold,” New York Times, June 25, 1982.

5　建造更安靜的潛艇：Wende A. Wrubel, “The Toshiba-Kongsberg Incident: Shortcomings of Cocom, and Recommendations for Increased Effectiveness of Export Controls to the East Bloc,” American University International Law Review 4, No. 1 (2011).

6　進一步證據：Stuart Auerbach, “CIA Says Toshiba Sold More to Soviet Bloc,” Washington Post, March 15, 1988.

7　數十億美元的銷售額：Michael E. Porter and Mariko Sakakibara, “Competition in Japan,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, No. 1 (Winter 2004): 36; The Effect of Government Targeting on World Semiconductor Competition (Semiconductor Industry Association, 1983), pp. 69-74.

8　約一半的預算：Kiyonari Sakakibara, “From Imitation to Innovation: The Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) Semiconductor Project in Japan,” Working Paper, MIT Sloan School of Management, October 1983, https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/172L1/47985.

9　至少也要付出18％：Reid, The Chip, p. 224.

10　早就被逼到破產了：The Effect of Government Targeting on World Semiconductor Competition, p. 67.

11　借款利率卻比較低：Jeffrey A. Frankel, “Japanese Finance in the 1980s: A Survey,” National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991; 家庭儲蓄、家庭消費、銀行貸款占GDP的百分比是取自data.worldbank.org.

12　持續飆升：P. R. Morris, A History of the World Semiconductor Industry (Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1990), p. 104; Robert Burgelman and Andrew S. Grove, Strategy Is Destiny: How Strategy-Making Shapes a Company’s Future (Free Press, 2002), p. 35.

13　繼續建造新的設施：Scott Callan, “Japan, Disincorporated: Competition and Conflict, Success and Failure in Japanese High-Technology Consortia,” PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 1993, p. 188, Table 7.14; Clair Brown and Greg Linden, Chips and Change: How Crisis Reshapes the Semiconductor Industry (MIT Press, 2009).

第十七章　 出產垃圾

1　「最炙手可熱的高科技公司」之一：Clayton Jones, “Computerized Laser Swiftly Carves Circuits for Microchips,” Christian Science Monitor, March 10, 1981; David E. Sanger, “Big Worries Over Small GCA,” New York Times, January 19, 1987.

2　在加州101號公路上往返：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, pp. 94, 119. 感謝Chris Mack為我指出這點。

3　投彈瞄準器：訪問Chris Mack, 2021; 訪問Dave Markle, 2021; Perkin Elmer, “Micralign Projection Mask Alignment System,” The Chip History Center, https://www.chiphistory.org/154-perkin-elmer-micralign-projection-mask-alignment-system; Daniel P. Burbank, “The Near Impossibility of Making a Microchip,” Invention and Technology (Fall 1999); Alexis C. Madrigal, “TOP SECRET: Your Briefing on the CIA's ColdWar Spy Satellite, ‘Big Bird,’ ” Atlantic, December 29, 2011; Chris Mack, “Milestones in Optical Lithography Tool Suppliers,” http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/litho_history/milestones_tools.pdf.

4　拍攝蘇聯的照片：James E. Gallagher interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, March 9, 2005; Arthur W. Zafiropoulo interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, May 25, 2006; Geophysics Corporation of America, “About Our Corporation Members,” Bulletin American Meteorological Society, December 12, 1962; Jones, “Computerized Laser Swiftly Carves Circuits for Microchips.”

5　走到GCA的展區：訪問Griff Resor, 2021; “Griff Resor on Photolithography,” SemiHistory, YouTube video, January 30, 2009, 2:30, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKfdHZCEfmY.

6　第一台步進曝光機：“Griff Resor on Photolithography,” SemiHistory, YouTube video, January 30, 2009, 2:30, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKfdHZCEfmY; Chris Mack, “Milestones in Optical Lithography Tool Suppliers,”http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/litho_history/milestones_tools.pdf; “GCA Burlington Division Shipment History of All 4800 DSW's as of September 1980,” p. 1, in the possession of the author.

7　連股價也跟著飆漲：Sales data from Rebecca Marta Henderson, “The Failure of Established Firms in the Face of Technical Change,” PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1988, p. 217; Jones, “Computerized Laser Swiftly Carves Circuits for Microchips.”

8　揮霍無度：訪問Peter Bealo、Ross Young、Bill Tobey, 2021; James E. Gallagher interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, March 9, 2005.

9　我們只有格林伯格：訪問Bill Tobey、Jim Neroda、Peter Bealo, 2021; Ross Young, Silicon Sumo (Semiconductor Services, 1994), p. 279; Charles N. Pieczulewski, “Benchmarking Semiconductor Lithography Equipment Development & Sourcing Practices Among Leading Edge Manufacturers,” Master's thesis, MIT, 1995, p. 54.

10　客戶已經受夠了：訪問Bill Tobey, Jim Neroda, and Peter Bealo, 2021; Young, Silicon Sumo, p. 279.

11　刻在晶片上的圖案：訪問Griff Resor, 2021.

12　「紙上興業主義」（paper entrepreneurialism）：Robert Reich, The Next American Frontier (Crown, 1983), p. 159.

13　「反應遲鈍」：訪問Gil Varnell, 2021; Rebecca Marta Henderson, “The Failure of Established Firms in the Face of Technical Change,” p. 225; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, Office of Strategic Industries and Economic Security, Strategic Analysis Division, National Security Assessment of the U.S. Semiconductor Wafer Processing Industry Equipment (1991), pp. 4-10.

14　那個時數的10倍：Henderson, “The Failure of Established Firms in the Face of Technical Change,” pp. 220-222, 227; 訪問AMD的前高管, 2021.

15　扭轉局勢的計畫：訪問Pete Bealo與Bill Tobey, 2021; Henderson, “The Failure of Established Firms in the Face of Technical Change,” pp. 222-225; Jay Stowsky, “The Weakest Link: Semiconductor Production Equipment, Linkages, and the Limits to International Trade,” working paper, University of California, Berkeley, September 1987, p. 2.

16　稍微鬆口氣：Arthur W. Zafiropoulo interview by Craig Addison, SEMI, May 25, 2006; 訪問Peter Bealo與Jim Neroda, 2021.

第十八章　1980年代的原油

1　屋頂如寶塔狀傾斜的屋子裡：Skornia, Sanders and Advanced Micro Devices, p. 138; Daryl Savage, “Palo Alto: Ming's Restaurant to Close Dec. 28,” Palo Alto Online, December 18, 2014, https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2014/12/18/mings-restaurant-to-close-dec-28.

2　「1980年代的原油」：Arthur L. Robinson, “Perilous Times for U.S. Microcircuit Makers,” Science 208, No. 4444 (May 9, 1980): 582; Skornia, Sanders and Advanced Micro Devices, p. 140.

3　「半導體業的沙烏地阿拉伯」：Marvin J. Wolf, The Japanese Conspiracy: The Plot to Dominate Industry Worldwide (New English Library, 1984), p. 83.

4　最敏感的東西：David E. Sanger, “Big Worries Over Small GCA,” New York Times, January 19, 1987.

5　「不需要任何人幫忙的矽谷牛仔」：訪問Richard Van Atta, 2021.

6　四個關鍵結論：Defense Science Board, Report on Defense Semiconductor Dependency —February 1987, pp. 1-2.

7　沒有半導體，你將寸步難行：Oral History of Charlie Sporck, Computer History Museum.

第十九章　死亡螺旋

1　沒有落後嗎？Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 264.

2　而不是軍方：Richard Langlois and Edward Steinmueller, “Strategy and Circumstance,” working paper, University of Connecticut, 1999, p. 1166.

3　都是一百美元啊：Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., “Beyond Laissez Faire,” Foreign Policy, No. 87 (Summer 1992): 71; email exchange with Michael Boskin, 2021; 雖然許多文章一再引述這句話，但我找不到他確實說過這句話的證據。

4　投資創投公司：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 262; John G. Rauch, “The Realities of Our Times,” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal 3, No. 2 (1993): 412.

5　幾乎毫無變化：Wolf, The Japanese Conspiracy, pp. 5, 91;訪問Alan Wolff, 2021; Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 270.

6　主導著DRAM市場：Doug Irwin, “Trade Politics and the Semiconductor Industry,” NBER working paper W4745, May 1994.

7　半導體製造技術聯盟（Sematech）：Young, Silicon Sumo, pp. 262-263.

8　只有30％的時間在運行：同前, pp. 268-269; 訪問英特爾借調到Sematech的員工, 2021; Larry D. Browning and Judy C. Shetler, Sematech: Saving the U.S. Semiconductor Industry (Texas A&M Press, 2000).

9　研討會：訪問英特爾借調到Sematech的員工, 2021.

10　「一半問題」：Robert Noyce, testifying before a Congressional committee, November 8, 1989; Peter N. Dunn, “GCA: A Lesson in Industrial Policy,” Solid State Technology 36, No. 2 (December 1993); Young, Silicon Sumo, pp. 270-276.

11　你已經完了：訪問Peter Simone, 2021.

12　國產設備：訪問Peter Simone, 2021.

13　走在時代的尖端：訪問嚴濤南, 2021; 訪問Peter Simone, 2021; Young, Silicon Sumo, pp. 262, 285.

14　無法說服英特爾放棄Nikon：Young, Silicon Sumo, p. 286.

15　政府也無能為力：Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 304; Young, Silicon Sumo, pp. 294-295; Jonathan Weber, “Chip Making Pioneer GCA Corp. Closes Factory: Technology: $60 Million in Government Funds Has Failed to Restore Massachusetts Firm to Financial Health,” Los Angeles Times, May 22, 1993.

第二十章　一個可以說NO的日本

1　「某種傲慢」：Morita, Made in Japan, pp. 73, 110-120, 134.

2　肯定有十場飯局：Nathan, Sony, p. 73.

3　就是運作得比較好：Morita, Made in Japan, pp. 193, 199, 205.

4　芥川獎：Ann Sherif, “The Aesthetics of Speed and the Illogicality of Politics: Ishihara Shintaro's Literary Debut,” Japan Forum 17, No. 2 (2005): 185-211.

5　成為世界第一：Wolf, The Japanese Conspiracy, p. 16.

6　非常重要的國家：Akio Morita and Shintaro Ishihara, The Japan That Can Say No (Konbusha Publishing Ltd., 1996).

7　有如放大版的丹麥：Samuel Huntington, “Why International Primacy Matters,” International Security (January 2009): 75-76.

8　「瘋狂地」：Steven L. Herman, “Bootleg Translation of Japanese Book Hot Item in Congress,” Associated Press, November 11, 1989.

9　表達他的觀點：James Flanigan, “U.S. Bashing Book by Sony's Chief Costs Him Credibility,” Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1989.

10　〈高科技是外交政策〉：Harold Brown, “The United States and Japan: High Tech Is Foreign Policy,” SAIS Review 9, No. 2 (Fall 1989).

11　預測亞洲的未來：Central Intelligence Agency, “East Asia's Economic Potential for the 1990s: A Speculative Essay,” CREST Database, 1987.

第二十一章　薯片大王

1　馬鈴薯先生（Mr. Spud）：訪問美光的員工, 2021; George Anders, “At Potato Empire, an Heir Peels Away Years of Tradition,” Wall Street Journal, October 7, 2004; Laurence Zuckerman, “From Mr. Spud to Mr. Chips; The Potato Tycoon Who Is the Force Behind Micron,” New York Times, February 8, 1996; Andrew E. Serwer, “The Simplot Saga: How America's French Fry King Made Billions More in Semiconductors,” Fortune, February 12, 2012.

2　該州的首富：馬鈴薯先生：訪問Ward Parkinson, 2021; Luc Olivier Bauer and E. Marshall Wilder, Microchip Revolution (Independently published, 2020), pp. 279-280.

3　Elmer's的鬆餅一份6.99美元：訪問Elmer's的職員, 2021; 訪問Ward Parkinson, 2021.

4　後來又追加了數百萬美元：Donald Woutat, “Maverick Chip Maker Shifts Stance: Micron Backs Protectionism After Launching Price War,” Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1985; Peter Burrows, “Micron's Comeback Kid,” Business Week, June 14, 1997.

5　DRAM部門虧損並進行裁員：David E. Sanger, “Prospects Appear Grim for U.S. Chip Makers,” New York Times, October 29, 1985.

6　「愛達荷州的局外人」這種形象：David Staats, “How an Executive's Hair Dryer Saved the Memory Chips—Tales of Micron's 40 Years,” Idaho Statesman, July 21, 2021.

7　一種自扯後腿的策略：Woutat, “Maverick Chip Maker Shifts Stance.”

8　因為法律規定他們不能那樣做：David E. Sanger, “Japan Chip ‘Dumping’ Is Found,” New York Times, August 3, 1985.

9　但也是生產成本最低的：訪問Ward Parkinson、Brian Shirley、Mark Durcan, 2021; Woutat, “Maverick Chip Maker Shifts Stance.”

10　以前沒明文寫下來的東西：訪問Brian Shirley與Mark Durcan, 2021; Yoshitaka Okada, “Decline of the Japanese Semiconductor Industry,” Development of Japanese Semiconductor Industry (January 2006): 41; Bauer and Wilder, The Microchip Revolution, pp. 301-302.

11　並削減其餘員工的薪資：Bauer and Wilder, The Microchip Revolution, pp. 286, 302.

12　記憶體晶片是個非常殘酷的產業：訪問Mark Durcan, Ward Parkinson, and Brian Shirley, 2021.

第二十二章　顛覆英特爾

1　沒時間看學術界的廢話連篇：James Allworth, “Intel's Disruption Is Now Complete,” Medium, November 11, 2020, https://jamesallworth.medium.com/intels-disruption-is-now-complete-d4fa771f0f2c.

2　「匈牙利來的狠角色」：Craig R. Barrett, interviews by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock at Santa Clara, California, December 14, 2005 and March 23, 2006 (Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript 0324).

3　產品延遲或客戶不滿的消息：Andrew S. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive: How to Exploit the Crisis Points That Challenge Every Company (Currency Press, 1999), pp. 117-118.

4　觸底後最終會再回升：Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive, pp. 88-90; Robert A. Burgelman, “Fading Memories: A Process Theory of Strategic Business Exist in Dynamic Environments,” Administrative Science Quarterly 39, No. 1 (March 1994): 41.

5　為一種名叫「個人電腦」的新產品製造晶片：Gerry Parker, “Intel's IBM PC Design Win,” Gerry Parker，s Word Press Blog, July 20, 2014, https://gerrythetravelhund.wordpress.com/tag/ibm-pc/; Jimmy Maher, “The Complete History of the IBM PC, Part One: The Deal of the Century,” ars TECHNICA, June 30, 2017, https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/06/ibm-pc-history-part-1/.

6　內建一個小小的英特爾晶片：“The Birth of the IBM PC,” IBM Debut Reference Room, https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_birth.html; “IBM Personal Computer Launch,” Waldorf Astoria, January 23, 2019.

7　這種展望實在令人難以置信：Craig R. Barrett, interviews by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock at Santa Clara, California, December 14, 2005 and March 23, 2006.

8　「咬緊牙根」、「爭論不休」的時期：Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive, pp. 88-92.

9　「建設性衝突」（constructive confrontation）策略來解決：Elizabeth Corcoran, “Intel CEO Andy Grove Steps Aside,” Washington Post, March 27, 1998; 訪問英特爾的前員工, 2021.

10　「冒險」比「控制」更有趣：Christophe Lecuyer, “Confronting the Japanese Challenge: The Revival of Manufacturing at Intel,” Business History Review (July 2019); Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip, p. 180.

11　這才是你們應該做的事：Lecuyer, “Confronting the Japanese Challenge,” pp. 363-364; Craig R. Barrett, interviews by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock at Santa Clara, California, December 14, 2005 and March 23, 2006. Richard S. Tedlow, Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American Business Icon (Penguin, 2007), p. 203.

12　更像一台精準調節的機器：Lecuyer, “Confronting the Japanese Challenge,” pp. 363, 364, 369, 370; Craig R. Barrett, interviews by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock at Santa Clara, California, December 14, 2005 and March 23, 2006. pp. 65, 79.

13　比IBM還多：Therese Poletti, “Crucial Mistakes: IBM's Stumbles Opened Door for Microsoft, Intel,” Chicago Tribune, August 13, 2001.

第二十三章　 我的敵人的敵人——韓國崛起

1　強大又永恆：Geoffrey Cain, Samsung Rising (Currency Press, 2020), p. 33.

2　開著那台車在被占領的首都穿梭：Cain, Samsung Rising, pp. 33-41.

3　家訓第一條就是「事業報國」：Dong-Sung Cho and John A. Mathews, Tiger Technology (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 105-106; Cain, Samsung Rising, pp. 40, 41, 46; on Lee's wealth, “Half a Century of Rise and Fall of the Korean Chaebol in Terms of Income and Stock Price,” Yohap News Agency, November 7, 2006, https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20110708154800008.

4　發展出先進技術：Si-on Park, Like Lee Byung-chul, p. 71; Cho and Mathews, Tiger Technology, p. 112; Daniel Nenni and Don Dingee, Mobile Unleashed (Semi Wiki, 2015); Kim Dong-Won and Stuart W. Leslie, “Winning Markets or Winning Nobel Prizes? KAIST and the Challenges of Late Industrialization,” Osiris 13 (1998): 167-170; Donald L. Benedict, KunMo Chung, Franklin A. Long, Thomas L. Martin, and Frederick E. Terman, “Survey Report on the Establishment of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science,” prepared for US Agency for International Development, December 1970, http://large.stanford.edu/history/kaist/docs/terman/summary/. On Samsung's early difficulties, see Hankook semiconductor; eg. Samsung Newsroom, “Semiconductor Will Be My Last Business,” Samsung, March 30, 2010, https://news.samsung.com/kr/91.

5　光看是無法複製那些祕密的：Park Si-on, Like Lee Byung-chul, pp. 399, 436.

6　準備投入至少1億美元：Myung Oh and James F. Larson, Digital Development in Korea: Building an Information Society (Routledge, 2011), p. 54; Park Si-on, Like Lee Byung-chul, p. 386; Cho and Mathews, Tiger Technology, pp. 105, 119, 125; Lee Jae-goo, “Why Should We Do the Semiconductor Industry,” tr. Soyoung Oh, ZDNET Korea, Mar 15, 1983, https://zdnet.co.kr/view/?no=20110328005714.

7　造成「致命」的影響：Tedlow, Andy Grove, p. 218; Robert W. Crandall and Kenneth Flamm, Changing the Rules (Brookings Institution Press, 1989), p. 315; Susan Chira, “Korea's Chip Makers Race to Catch Up,” New York Times, July 15, 1985; “Company News: Intel Chip Pact,” New York Times, June 26, 1987.

8　美日的貿易關係緊繃也有助於韓國企業：Richard E. Baldwin, “The Impact of the 1986 US-Japan Semiconductor Agreement,” Japan and the World Economy 6, No. 2 (June 1994): 136-137; Douglas A. Irwin, “Trade Policies and the Semiconductor Industry,” in Anne O. Krueger, ed., The Political Economy of American Trade Policy (University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 46-47.

9　我的敵人的敵人，就是我的朋友：Linsu Kim, “Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning,” Columbia University East Asian Center, 1997, p. 89, cites the example of Zyrtek transferring advanced production knowledge for a $2.1 million fee;訪問Ward Parkinson, 2021; Andrew Pollack, “U.S.-Korea Chip Ties Grow,” New York Times, July 15, 1985.

第二十四章　晶片業的古騰堡時刻

1　第一個微處理器的流程：Federico Faggin, “The Making of the First Microprocessor,” IEEE, 2009; Federico Faggin, Silicon (Waterline, 2021), esp. ch. 3.

2　正為了這個難題傷透腦筋：B. Hoeneisen and C. A. Mead, “Fundamental Limitations in Microelectronics—I. MOS Technology,” Solid State Electronics 15, No. 7 (July 1972), https://authors.library.caltech.edu/54798/.

3　康維是傑出的電腦科學家：訪問Lynn Conway, 2021, where she surprised me by wanting to discuss the nuances of John Gaddis, The Landscape of History (Oxford University Press, 2004).

4　以「隱姓埋名」的方式加入全錄：Dianne Lynch, “Wired Women: Engineer Lynn Conway's Secret,” ABC News, January 7, 2006.

5　出奇地落伍：訪問Lynn Conway, 2021.

6　你可以自己編寫：“Lambda Magazine Lights the Way for VLSI Design,” IEEE Silicon Valley History Videos, YouTube Video, July 27, 2015, 00:01:40, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEYbQiXvbnc; “History of VLSI-C. Mead-2/1/2011,” California Institute of Technology, YouTube Video, May 29, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okZBhJ-KvaY.

7　古騰堡時刻來臨了：“1981 Electronics AWARD FOR ACHIEVEMENT,” University of Michigan, https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html; 訪問Lynn Conway與Carver Mead, 2021.

8　培養出足夠的晶片設計師：Van Atta et al., DARPA Technical Accomplishments: An Historical Review of Selected DARPA Projects II, February 1990, AD-A239 925, p. 17-5.

9　維持美國軍事優勢的關鍵：訪問Paul Losleben, 2021; Van Atta et al., DARPA Technical Accomplishments, p. 17-1.

10　培養出來的校友創立的：訪問David Hodges、Steve Director、Aart de Geus、Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli、Rob Rutenbar; “1984 Annual Report,” Semiconductor Research Corporation, 1984, https://www.src.org/src/story/timeline.

11　如何儲存與交流資訊：Irwin Jacobs interview by David Morton, IEEE History Center, October 29, 1999.

12　這就是未來：Daniel J. Costello, Jr., and David Forney, Jr., “Channel Coding: The Road to Channel Capacity,” Proceedings of the IEEE 95, No. 6 (June 2007); O. Aftab, P. Cheung, A. Kim, S. Thakkar, and N. Yeddanapudi, “Information Theory and the Digital Age,” 6.933 Project History, MIT, https://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/Shannon2.pdf; David Forney Jr. interview by Andrew Goldstein, Center for the History of Electrical Engineering, May 10, 1995; Daniel Nenni, “A Detailed History of Qualcomm,” SemiWiki, March 19, 2018, https://semiwiki.com/general/7353-a-detailed-history-of-qualcomm/.

第二十五章　蘇聯KGB技術局

1　會乾脆待在莫斯科喝個爛醉：Details of Vetrov's life draw heavily from Sergei Kostin and Eric Raynaud, Farewell: The Greatest Spy Story of the Twentieth Century (Amazon Crossing, 2011).

2　並提升其生產積體電路的能力：CIA, “The Technology Acquisition Efforts of the Soviet Intelligence Services,” June 18, 1982, p. 15, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000261337.pdf; Philip Hanson, Soviet Industrial Espionage (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1987).

3　「墜落」身亡：Sergey Chertoprud, Naucho-Tekhnicheskaia Razvedka (Olma Press, 2002), p. 283; Daniela Iacono, “A British Banker Who Plunged to His Death,” United Press International, May 15, 1984; Michael S. Malone, “Going Underground in Silicon Valley,” New York Times, May 30, 1982.

4　直接抄襲美國的微處理器：Jay Tuck, High-Tech Espionage (St. Martin's Press, 1986), p. 107; Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolyutsiya, p. 34.

5　空殼公司：Edgar Ulsamer, “Moscow's Technology Parasites,” Air Force Magazine, December 1, 1984.

6　測試晶片的機器：Central Intelligence Agency, “Soviet Acquisition of Militarily Signi$cant Western Technology: An Update,” September 1985, p. 25, http://insidethecoldwar.org/sites/default/$les/documents/CIA%20Report%20on%20Soviet%20Acquisition%20of%20Militarily%20Signi$cant%20Western%20Technology%20September%201985.pdf.

7　與法國的情報機構有聯繫：Kostin and Raynaud, Farewell.

8　蘇聯竊取的資料量有多龐大：Hanson, Soviet Industrial Espionage; Central Intelligence Agency, “Soviet Acquisition of Militarily Significant Western Technology: An Update”; Kostin and Raynaud, Farewell; Thierry Wolton, Le KGB en France (Club Express, 1986).

9　總是落後美國五年：Central Intelligence Agency, “Soviet Computer Technology: Little Prospect of Catching Up,” National Security Archive, March 1985, p. 4, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/22579-document-02-central-intelligence-agency-sovie; Bruce B. Weyrauch, “Operation Exodus,” Computer/Law Journal 7, No. 2 (Fall 1986); Hanson, Soviet Industrial Espionage; Jon Zonderman, “Policing High-Tech Exports,” New York Times, November 27, 1983.

第二十六章　抵銷策略的影響

1　「大規模毀滅性武器」：Dale Roy Herspring, The Soviet High Command, 1967-1989 (Princeton University Press, 2016), p. 175.

2　是「自找的」：Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, “1983 Downing of KAL Flight Showed Soviets Lacked Skill of the Fictional 007,” Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1990.

3　享有明顯的優勢：Brian A Davenport, “The Ogarkov Ouster,” Journal of Strategic Studies 14, No. 2 (1991): 133; CIA and Defense Department, “US and Soviet Strategic Forces: Joint Net Assessment,” Secretary of Defense, November 14, 1983, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB428/docs/1.US%20and%20Soviet%20Strategic%20Forces%20Joint%20Net%20Assessment.pdf.

4　「軍事技術革命」：Center for Naval Analyses, Marshal Ogarkov on Modern War: 1977-1985, AD-A176 138, p. 27; Dima P. Adamsky, “Through the Looking Glass: The Soviet Military-Technical Revolution and the American Revolution in Military Affairs,” Journal of Strategic Studies 31, No. 2 (2008).

5　裴瑞的「抵銷戰略」奏效了：關於抵銷技術的精彩概述（基本上都依賴半導體），參見David Burbach, Brendan Rittenhouse Green, and Benjamin Friedman, “The Technology of the Revolution in Military Affairs,” in Harvey Sapolsky, Benjamin Friedman, and Brendan Green, eds., U.S. Military Innovation Since the Cold War: Creation Without Destruction (Routledge, 2012), pp. 14-42; CIA, “Soviet Defense Industry: Coping with the Military-Technological Challenge,” CIA Historical Review Program, July 1987, p. 17, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000499526.pdf; Adamsky, “Through the Looking Glass,” p. 260.

6　飛彈導引電腦：Anatoly Krivonosov, “Khartron: Computers for Rocket Guidance Systems,” in Boris Malinovsky, “History of Computer Science and Technology in Ukraine,” tr. Slava Gerovitch, Computing in the Soviet Space Program, December 16, 2002, https://web.mit.ed6slava/space/essays/essay-krivonosov.htm; Donald MacKenzie, “The Soviet Union and Strategic Missile Guidance,” International Security 13, No. 2 (Fall 1988); Georgii Priss interview by Slava Gerovitch, Computing in the Soviet Space Program, May 23, 2002, https://web.mit.edu/slava/space/interview/interview-priss.htm#q3.

7　自行運算出到達目標的路徑：MacKenzie, “The Soviet Union and Strategic Missile Guidance,” pp. 30—32, 35.

8　98％的蘇聯洲際彈道飛彈（ICBM）：MacKenzie, “The Soviet Union and Strategic Missile Guidance,” p. 52, citing a CEP of .06 nautical miles; Pavel Podvig, “The Window of Opportunity That Wasn't: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s,” International Security (Summer 2008): 129, cites a CEP of 0.35-0.43 kilometers. 還有其他變數可以比較飛彈，包括導彈攜帶的彈頭大小與數量、它們發射或重新定位的速度。但美國擁有精準優勢的基本趨勢依然存在；98％的數字是來自John G. Hines, Ellis M. Mishulovich, and John F. Shull, Soviet Intentions, 1965-1985, Vol. 2 (BDM Federal, Inc., 1995), pp. 46, 90. 注意，這98％可能過於誇大美國的能力，但仍然證明了蘇聯的擔憂。Cf. Brendan R. Green and Austin Long, “The MAD Who Wasn't There: Soviet Reactions to Late Cold War Nuclear Balance,” Security Studies 26, No. 4 (July 7, 2017).

9　就能追蹤蘇聯潛艇：Owen R. Cote, Jr., “The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines,” Newport Papers, Naval War College, 2003; Joel S. Wit, “Advances in Antisubmarine Warfare,” Scientific American 244, No. 2 (February 1981): 31-41; D. L. Slotnick, “The Conception and Development of Parallel Processors: A Personal Memoir,” Annals of the History of Computing 4, No. 1 (January-March 1982); Van Atta et al., DARPA Technical Accomplishments II; Christopher A. Ford and David A. Rosenberg, “The Naval Intelligence Underpinnings of Reagan's Maritime Strategy,” Journal of Strategic Studies 28, No. 2 (April 2005): 398; John G. Hines, Ellis M. Mishulovich, and John F. Shull, Soviet Intentions 1965-1985, Vol. 1 (BDM Federal, Inc., 1995), p. 75; Green and Long, “The MAD Who Wasn't There,” pp. 607, 639. 1980年代，蘇聯SSBN飛彈的可靠性也有重大問題; 參見Steven J. Zaloga, The Kremlin’s Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia’s Strategic Nuclear Forces 1945-2000 (Smithsonian Books, 2014), p. 188.

10　「在戰略武器方面明顯落後」：Green and Long, “The MAD Who Wasn't There,” p. 617.

11　蘇聯的生存：Danilevich quoted in Hines, Mishulovich, and Shull, Soviet Intentions 1965-1985, Vol. 1, p. 57; Dale R. Herspring, “Nikolay Ogarkov and the Scientific Technical Revolution in Soviet Military Affairs,” Comparative Strategy 6, No. 1 (1987); Mary C. Fitzgerald, “Soviet Views on Future War: The Impact of New Technologies,” Defense Analysis 7, Nos. 2-3 (1991). 蘇聯官員對指揮、控制與通訊系統的存續性深為擔憂; 參見Hines, Mishulovich, and Shull, Soviet Intentions 1965-1985, Vol. 1, p. 90; Marshal Vasili Petrov, quoted in 1983 as perceiving a NATO plan to “create and make use of the potential for a ‘disarming’ first [conventional] strike,” in Thomas M. Nichols, The Sacred Cause: Civil-Military Conflict over Soviet National Security, 1917-1992 (NCROL, 1993), p. 117; Mary C. Fitzgerald, “Marshal Ogarkov on the Modern Theater Operation,” Naval War College Review 39, No. 4 (1986); Mary C. Fitzgerald, “Marshal Ogarkov and the New Revolution in Soviet Military Affairs,” Defense Analysis 3, No. 1 (1987).

12　有更多的紀律：Mikhail Gorbachev, “Zasedanie Politbyuro Tsk Kpss 30 liulia Goda,” in Sobranie Sochinenii, Book 9 (Ves’ Mir, 2008), pp. 339-343. 這裡我是隨性翻譯.

13　奧索金被里加的半導體廠解雇：訪問Sergei Osokin, 2021.

14　蘇聯的八倍：Simonov, Nesostoyavshayasya Informatsionnaya Revolutsiya, p. 70; Seymour Goodman and William K. McHenry, “The Soviet Computer Industry: A Tale of Two Sectors,” Communications of the ACM (January 1991): 32.

15　缺乏國際供應鏈：V. V. Zhurkin, “Ispolzovanie Ssha Noveishhikh Dostizhenii Nauki i Tekhniki v Sfere Vneshnei Politiki,” Academy of Sciences Archive, August 7, 1987.

16　產量迅速成長：Charles S. Maier, Dissolution (Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 74-75.

第二十七章　戰爭英雄

1　在越南服役兩次：Robert D. McFadden, “Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Commander in Gulf War, Dies at 78,” New York Times, December 27, 2012.

2　波斯灣戰爭就此開打：Rick Aktinson, Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War (Mariner Books, 1994), pp. 35-37.

3　與部隊溝通的能力：“The Theater's Opening Act,” Washington Post, 1998; Aktinson, Crusade, p. 37.

4　第一代鋪路雷射導引炸彈相同：「鋪路」雷射導引炸彈的細節是來自Steve Roemerman的訪問, 2021.

5　擊中目標的機率是13倍：Stephen P. Rosen, “The Impact of the Office of Net Assessment on the American Military in the Matter of the Revolution of Military Affairs,” Journal of Strategic Studies 33, No. 4 (2010): 480.

6　而免於喪命：訪問Steve Roemerman, 2021.

7　高科技奏效了：Bobby R. Inman, Joseph S. Nye Jr., William J. Perry, and Roger K. Smith, “Lessons from the Gulf War,” Washington Quarterly 15, No. 1 (1992): 68; Benjamin S. Lambeth, Desert Storm and Its Meaning (RAND Corporation, 1992).

8　「電腦晶片或成戰爭英雄」：William J. Broad, “War in the Gulf: High Tech; War Hero Status Possible for the Computer Chip,” New York Times, January 21, 1991; Barry D. Watts, Six Decades of Guided Munitions and Battle Networks: Progress and Prospects (Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2007), p. 146;訪問Steve Roemerman.

9　讓他相當尷尬：Mary C. Fitzgerald, “The Soviet Military and the New ‘Technological Operation’ in the Gulf,” Naval War College Review 44, No. 4 (Fall 1991): 16-43, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44638558; Stuart Kaufman, “Lessons from the 1991 Gulf War and Military Doctrine,” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6, No. 3 (1993); Graham E. Fuller, “Moscow and the Gulf War,” Foreign Affairs (Summer 1991); Gilberto Villahermosa, “Desert Storm: The Soviet View,” Foreign Military Studies Office, May 25, 2005, p. 4.

第二十八章　「冷戰結束，你們贏了」

1　不可能長久延續下去的：Michael Pettis, The Great Rebalancing (Princeton University Press, 2013).

2　削價競爭：Yoshitaka Okada, “Decline of the Japanese Semiconductor Industry,” in Yoshitaka Okada, ed., Struggles fOr Survival (Springer, 2006), p. 72.

3　「晚上就睡不著覺了」：Marie Anchordoguy, Reprogramming Japan (Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 192.

4　並未削減虧損部門的投資：Sumio Saruyama and Peng Xu, Excess Capacity and the Difficulty of Exit: Evidence from Japan's Electronics Industry (Springer Singapore, 2021); “Determination Drove the Development of the CCD ‘Electric Eye,’ ” Sony, https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/2-11.html.

5　仍可持續「記憶」資料：Kenji Hall, “Fujio Masuoka: Thanks for the Memory,” Bloomberg, April 3, 2006; Falan Yinung, “The Rise of the Flash Memory Market: Its Impact on Firm Behavior and Global Semiconductor Trade Patterns,” Journal of International Commerce and Economics (July 2007).

6　降到1998年的20％：Andrew Pollack, “U.S. Chips’ Gain Is Japan's Loss,” New York Times, January 3, 1991; Okada, “Decline of the Japanese Semiconductor Industry,” p. 41; “Trends in the Semiconductor Industry,” Semiconductor History Museum of Japan, https://www.shmj.or.jp/english/trends/trd90s.html.

7　支持伊拉克的鄰國：Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “How the Gulf Crisis Began and Ended,” in Diplomatic Bluebook 1991, https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1991/1991-2-1.htm; Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Japan's Response to the Gulf Crisis,” in Diplomatic Bluebook 1991, https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1991/1991-2-2.htm; Kent E. Calder, “The United States, Japan, and the Gulf Region,” The Sasakawa Peace Foundation, August 2015, p. 31; T. R. Reid, “Japan's New Frustration,” Washington Post, March 17, 1991.

8　我們別再爭論誰贏了：“G-Day: Soviet President Gorbachev Visits Stanford Business School,” Stanford Graduate School of Business, September 1990, https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/history/g-day-soviet-president-gorbachev-visits-stanford-business-school; David Remnick, “In U.S., Gorbachev Tried to Sell a Dream,” Washington Post, June 6, 1990.

9　五歲開始就有電腦了：Gelb first recounted this story in 1992; I quote from his 2011 article on the topic; Leslie H. Gelb, “Foreign Affairs; Who Won the Cold War?” New York Times, August 20, 1992; Leslie H. Gelb, “The Forgotten Cold War: 20 Years Later, Myths About U.S. Victory Persist,” Daily Beast, July 14, 2017.

10　玩具的內建晶片：訪問Peter Gordon, 2021.

第二十九章　在台灣建立半導體產業

1　你需要多少錢：Wang, K.T. Li and the Taiwan Experience, p. 217; Oral History of Morris Chang, taken by Alan Patterson, August 24, 2007, Computer History Museum.

2　仍遠遠落後於先進技術：Tekla S. Perry, “Morris Chang: Foundry Father,” IEEE Spectrum, April 19, 2011; “Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in conversation with President John L. Hennessy,” Stanford Online, YouTube Video, April 25, 2004, around minute 36, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEh3ZgbvBrE.

3　相當於「經濟戰」：“TI Board Visit to Taiwan 1978,” Texas Instruments Special Collection, 90-69 TI Board Visit to Taiwan, DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University.

4　「被派到不重要的職位」：Oral History of Morris Chang, Computer History Museum.

5　台灣對我來說是個陌生的地方：“Morris Chang's Last Speech,” tr. Kevin Xu, Interconnected Newsletter, September 12, 2021, https://interconnected.blog/morris-changs-last-speech; 關於拒絕一份工作邀請，參見L. Sophia Wang, ed., K. T. Li Oral History (2nd edition, 2001), pp. 239-40, with thanks to Mindy Tu for translating; “Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in conversation with President John L. Hennessy,” around minute 34, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEh3ZgbvBrE. 關於張忠謀的德州身份：訪問張忠謀, 2022.

6　很大的發揮空間：Oral History of Morris Chang, Computer History Museum.

7　目前的半導體所無法支援的：“1976 Morris Chang Planning Doc,” Texas Instruments Special Collection, Fred Bucy Papers, DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University.

8　已經在台灣醞釀好幾年了：Chintay Shih interview by Ling-Fei Lin, Computer History Museum, February 21, 2011; National Research Council, “Appendix A3: Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research Institute,” in 21st Century Manufacturing (The National Academies Press, 2013); Oral History of Morris Chang, Computer History Museum.

9　但這個概念不算：Douglas B. Fuller, “Globalization for Nation Building: Industrial Policy for High-Technology Products in Taiwan,” working paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002.

10　台積電27.5％的股份：Rene Raaijmakers, ASML’s Architects (Techwatch Books, 2018), ch. 57. On Philips’ transfer of IP, see John A. Mathews, “A Silicon Valley of the East,” California Management Review (1997): 36; Daniel Nenni, “A Brief History of TSMC,” SemiWiki, August 2, 2012.

11　台灣政府的專案：“Stanford Engineering Hero Lecture: Morris Chang in conversation with President John L. Hennessy”; Donald Brooks interview by Rob Walker, Stanford University Libraries, February 8, 2000, 1:45, https://exhibits.stanford.edu/silicongenesis/catalog/cj789gh7170.

12　與美國晶片業的緊密關連：“TSMC Announces Resignation of Don Brooks,” EE Times, March 7, 1997; Donald Brooks interview by Rob Walker, 1:44; “1995 Annual Report,” Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, Ltd, 1995; on educational links, see Douglas B. Fuller, “The Increasing Irrelevance of Industrial Policy in Taiwan, 2016-2020,” in Gunter Schubert and Chun-Yi Lee, eds., Taiwan During the First Administration of Tsai Ing-wen: Navigating Stormy Waters (Routledge, 2020), p. 15.

13　讓台灣與矽谷雙雙受惠：AnnaLee Saxenian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (Harvard University Press, 1994); AnnaLee Saxenian, The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy (Harvard University Press, 2006).

第三十章　「所有人都必須製造半導體」

1　大致相同：Jonathan Pollack, “The Chinese Electronics Industry in Transition,” Rand Corporation, N-2306, May 1985; David Dorman, “The Military Imperative in Chinese Economic Reform: The Politics of Electronics, 1949-1999,” PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 2002; on the 1KB DRAM, see Richard Baum, “DOS ex Machina,” in Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman, eds., Science and Technology in Post-Mao China (Harvard University Asia Center, 1989), p. 357.

2　第一塊積體電路：Yiwei Zhu, Essays on China's IC Industry Development, tr. Zoe Huang (2006), pp. 140-144.

3　回到生產實踐中去：National Research Council, “Solid State Physics in the People's Republic of China: A Trip Report of the American Solid State Physics Delegation,” 1976, p. 89.

4　進行驚天動地的群眾運動：“Shanghai Workers Vigorously Develop Electronics Industry,” October 9, 1969, translation of Renmin Ribao article in Survey of the Chinese Mainland Press, No. 4520, October 21, 1969, pp. 11-13.

5　「只有鋼鐵業才應該發揮主導作用」：Denis Fred Simon and Detlef Rehn, Technological Innovation in China: The Case of Shanghai Semiconductor Industry (Ballinger Publishing Company, 1988), pp. 47, 50; Lowell Dittmer, “Death and Transfiguration,” Journal of Asian Studies 40, No. 3 (May 1981): 463.

6　所有人都必須製造半導體：Lan You Hang, “The Construction of Commercial Electron Microscopes in China,” Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics 96 (1996): 821; Sungho Rho, Keun Lee, and Seong Hee Kim, “Limited Catch Up in China's Semiconductor Industry: A Sectoral Innovation System Perspective,” Millennial Asia (August 19, 2015): 159.

7　報廢太多了：Hua Guafeng, September 26, 1975, quoted in Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao's Last Revolution (Belknap Press, 2008), pp. 400-401.

8　反對「自我榮耀」：National Research Council, “Solid State Physics in the People's Republic of China,” p. 151.

9　政治官僚：Hoddeson and Daitch, True Genius, p. 277.

10　全中國只有1500台電腦：Baum, “DOS ex Machina,” pp. 347—348; National Research Council, “Solid State Physics in the People's Republic of China,” pp. 52—53.

11　新的武器系統、消費電子與電腦：Simon and Rehn, Technological Innovation in China, pp. 15, 59, 66; Baum, “DOS ex Machina,” pp. 347—348.

12　第三台機器出口：Simon and Rehn, Technological Innovation in China, pp. 17, 27, 48.

第三十一章　「與中國人分享上帝的愛」

1　「與中國人分享上帝的愛」：“share God's love with the Chinese”: Evelyn Iritani, “China's Next Challenge: Mastering the Microchip,” Los Angeles Times, October 22, 2002.

2　還有一座教堂：Andrew Ross, Fast Boat to China (Vintage Books, 2007), p. 250.