注释

[1]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 6.

第1章　记录我的密码

[2]幸运的是，利斯继续他在《士绅》杂志的事业，后来他成为这家季刊的编辑并且在科诺夫出版社创立了文学杂志，他还写了大量的小说和短篇小说集。1994年他被法国期刊《观察家》提名为当代200名重要的作家之一。《科库斯评论》在评论利斯的短篇集《克虏伯的露露》时说：“利斯是我们的乔伊斯，我们的贝克特，我们真正的现代主义者。”

[3]Daniel Max，“Gordon Lish：An Editor Who Attracts Controversy，”St.Petersburg Times，May 3，1987，p. 7D

[4]Leah Garchik，“News Personals，”San Francisco Chronicle，March 1，1991，p. A8.

第2章　死亡大学

[1]对于酒精的味觉也与一个名叫COMT（儿茶酚抑喘定转移酶）的基因的变种有联系，它对应一种可以使多巴胺失效的酵素。然而，我的基因组包含一个变体，该变体与一个较低的酗酒可能性相联系。尽管我喜欢喝酒，看起来我更愿意通过有刺激性的事物来激发我的快乐中枢。

第3章　肾上腺素迷

[1]《诚实的吉姆》的几个最初的副本之一保存在文特尔研究所。

[2]James D. Watson，A Passion for DNA：Genes, Genomes and Society（New York：Oxford University Press，2000），p.97.

[3]Francis Crick，What Mad Pursuit：A Personal View of Scientifc Discovery（London：Weidenfeld and Nicolson，1988），p. 64.

[4]现在成为文特尔研究所收藏的一部分。

[5]James D Watson，The Double Helix Ed G Stent（London：Weidenfeld&Nicolson，1981），p. 98.

[6]James D Watson，Genes, Girls and Gamow（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2001），p. 5.

[7]Matt Ridley，Francis Crick：Discoverer of the Genetic Code（London：Harper Press，2006），p. 77.

[8]Watson，A Passion for DNA，p. 120.

[9]Venter, J. C.，Dixon, J.E.，Maroko, P.R.，and Kaplan, N.O.“Biologically Active Catecholamines Covalently Bound to Glass Beads.”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.，USA 69，1141-1145，1972

第5章　科学的天堂，官僚的地狱

[1]“除了工作我的最大的兴趣就是园艺和‘坐在船里四处游逛’”Fred Sanger，《自传》，Nobelprize.org.例如，他喜欢和César Milstein一起出海。

[2]Chung, F. Z.，Lentes, K.U.，Gocayne, J.D.，Fitzgerald, M.，Robinson, D.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Fraser, C.M.，and Venter, J.C.“Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Human Brain Beta-Adrenergic Receptor：Evolutionary Relationship to Rodent and Avian Beta Receptors and Porcine Muscarinic Receptors.”FEBS Lett211，200-206，1987.

[3]Gocayne, J. D.，Robinson, D.A.，Fitzgerald, M.G.，Chung, F.-Z.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Lentes, K.-U.，Lai, J.-Y.，Wang, C.D.，Fraser, C.M.，and Venter, J.C.，“Primary Structure of Rat Cardiac Beta-Adrenergic and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors Obtained by Automated DNA Sequence Analysis：Further Evidence for a Multigene Family.”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.，USA 84，8296-8300，1987.

[4]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p. 139.

[5]限制图就是这样通过利用不同的酵素剪切DNA，然后再判断每个酵素产生的片段的长度而制成的。使用不同的酵素就可以构建“摘要图”给出片段的顺序和大小。当片段被测序后，就知道了酵素剪切的位置，片段就可以以正确的顺序排成限制图。

[6]Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars, p. 184.

[7]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 79.当时Watson正在和Gerry Rubin谈话。

[8]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，pp. 313—314.

[9]Ibid.，pp. 226，220.

第6章　大生物学

[1]James D. Watson，DNA：The Secret of Life（New York：Knopf，2003），p.180.

[2]Christopher Anderson and Peter Aldhous，Nature，354，November 14，1991.

[3]James D. Watson，DNA：The Secret of Life，p.280.

[4]Adams, M. D.，Kelley, J.M.，Gocayne, J.D.，Dubnick, M.，Polymeropoulos, M.H.，Xiao, H.，Merril, C.R.，Wu, A.，Olde, B.，Moreno, R.，Kerlavage, A.R.，McCombie, W.R.，and Venter, J.C.，“Complementary DNA Sequencing：‘Expressed Sequence Tags'and the Human Genome Project，”Science252，1651—1656，1991.

[5]Leslie Roberts, Science，252，June 21，1991.

[6]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，The Common Thread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 9.

[7]Ibid.，p. 125.

[8]Leslie Roberts，“Genome Patent Fight Erupts，”ScienceOctober 11，1991，184，Vol. 254，No.5029，184—186.

[9]Robert Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars：Science, Politics and the Human Genome（New York：Norton，1994），p. 311.

[10]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 85.

[11]尽管它是依我的DNA而定，但是它也是由其他的四个人的DNA通过“服从多数原则”构成的。

[12]霰弹枪法的确可以提供足够的DNA片段去铺满这片区域。

[13]Roberts，基因专利战争爆发。

[14]Cook-Degan，The Gene Wars，p. 208.Brenner创造的一个名字，他开玩笑说他自己更愿意称之为THUG（恶棍）。

[15]Peter Aldhous，Nature353，785，1991.

[16]Letter from Jan Witkowski to Craig Venter, October 30，1991.

[17]Christopher Anderson，Nature353，485—486，1991.

[18]Alex Barnum，San Francisco Chronicle，December 2，1991.

[19]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 103.

[20]Robin McKie，“Scandal of U. S.bid to buy vital UK research，”Observer，January 26，1992，21.Ibid.

[21]Ibid

[22]Ibid.，p. 3.

[23]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 115.

[24]布丽奇特·奥格尔维会见罗杰·海菲尔，2006年7月25日。Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p.333.

[25]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p. 336.

[26]Ibid.，p. 328.

[27]Victor McElheny，WatsonandDNA：MakingaScientifcRevolution（New York：John Wiley，2003），p. 266.

[28]Christopher Anderson，Nature9 July 9，1992，vol. 358，issue 6382.

[29]Michael Gottesman，Purely Academic Molecular Interventions4：10-15（2004）

[30]Gina Kolata，“Biologist's speedy gene method scares peers but gains backers，”TheNewYorkTimes，July 28，1992，p. C1.

[31]Ibid

[32]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p. 325.

第7章　TIGR问世

[1]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 127.

[2]见第2章注释1。

[3]Gina Kolata，“Biologist's Speedy Gene Method Scares Peers But Gains Backer，”TheNewYorkTimes，July 28，1992，p. C1.

[4]Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars：Science，Politics and the Human Genome（New York：Norton，1994），p. 327.

[5]Francis Collins，The Language of God：A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief（New York：Free Press，2006），p. 36.

[6]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p. 341.

[7]Editorial，Nature，“Venter's venture”362：575—576，1993

第8章　基因战争

[1]Daniel S. Greenberg，“Clinton Goes Slow on Health Research，”The Baltimore Sun，August 10，1993，p.11A.

[2]Eliot Marshall，“Varmus：the View from Bethesda，”Science，vol. 262，no.5138，p.1364，November 26，1993.

[3]“NIH Shakeup Continues，”Science262：643，1993.

[4]James Shreeve，TheGenomeWar（New York：Ballantine，2004），p. 90.

[5]Sandra Sugawara，“A Healthy Vision，”The Washington Post，November 16，1992.

[6]Robert F. Massung，Joseph J.Esposito, Li-ing Liu, Jin Qi, Theresa R.Utterback, Janice C.Knight, Lisa Aubin, Thomas E.Yuran, Joseph M.Parsons, Vladimir N.Loparev, Nickolay A.Selivanov, Kathleen F.Cavallaro，Anthony R.Kerlavage, Brian W.J.Mahy&J.Craig Venter.Potential virulence determinants in terminal regions of variola smallpox virus genome.Nature 366，（December 30，1993）pp.748—751.

[7]“Gone but not forgotten，”TheEconomist，August 14，1993.

[8]Betsy Wagner，“Smallpox is Now a Hostage in the Lab，”The Washington Post，January 4，1994.

[9]Christopher Anderson，“NIH Drops Bid for Gene Patents，”Science263：909—910，February 18，1994.

[10]然而，基因绝不是问题的全部：在2002年《科学》的一篇文章里伦敦大学国王学院的Terrie Moffitt发现一个有趣的先天后天的影响，他发现仅仅被虐待和不太活跃的孩子才更有可能发展出行为问题。Caspi, A.，McClay, J，Moffi tt, T.，Mill, J.，Martin, J.，Craig, I，Taylor, A.，and Poulton, R.（2002）.Evidence that the cycle of violence in maltreated children depends on genotype.Science，297，851—854.

[11]Eliot Marshall，“HGS Opens Its Databanks—For a Price，”Science266，25，October 7，1994；and David Dickson，“HGS seeks exclusive option on all patents using its cDNA sequences，”Nature371，463，October 6，1994.

[12]“Breast Cancer Discovery Sparks New Debate on Patenting Human Genes，”Nature371，271—272，September 22，1994.

[13]“Ownership and the Human Genome，”Nature371，363—364，September 29，1994.

[14]Jerry Bishop，“Merck's Plan for Public-Domain Gene Data Could Blow Lid Off Secret Genetic Research，”TheWallStreetJournal Europe，September 30，1994.

[15]Eliot Marshall，“A Showdown Over Gene Fragments，”Science266，208—210，October 14，1994.

[16]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 139.

[17]Eliot Marshall，“The Company That Genome Researchers Love to Hate，”Science266，1800—1802，December 16，1994.

第9章　霰弹枪法测序

[1]Ashburner, M.，Won for All：How the Drosophila Genome was Sequenced（Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，2006），p. 7.

[2]Rachel Nowak，“Venter Wins Sequence Race—Twice，”Science268，1273，June 2，1995.

[3]Time，June 5，1995，p. 21.

[4]Nicholas Wade，“Bacterium's Full Gene Makeup Is Decoded，”May 26，1995，p. A16.

[5]Fleischmann, R. D.，Adams, M.D.，White, O.，Clayton, R.A.，Kirkness, E.F.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Bult, C.J.，Tomb, J.-F.，Doughtery, B.A.，Merrick, J.M.，McKenney, K.，Sutton, G.，FitzHugh, W.，Fields, C.，Gocayne, J.D.，Scott, J.，Shirley, R.，Liu, L.-I.，Glodek, A.，Kelley, J.M.，Weidman, J.F.，Phillips, C.A.，Spriggs, T.，Hedblom, E.，Cotton, M.D.，Utterback, T.R.，Hanna, M.C.，Nguyen, D.T.，Saudek, D.M.，Brandon, R.C.，Fine, L.D.，Fritchman, J.L.，Fuhrmann, J.L.，Geoghagen, N.S.M.，Gnehm, C.L.，McDonald, L.A.，Small, K.V.，Fraser, C.M.，Smith, H.O.，Venter, J.C.“Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly ofHaemophilusinfuenzaeRd，”Science 269，496—512，1995.

[6]Smith, H. O.，Tomb, J.-F.，Doughtery, B.A.，Fleischmann, R.D.，and Venter, J.C.，“Frequency and Distribution of DNA Uptake Signal Sequences in theHaemophilus inf uenzaeRd Genome，”Science 269，538—540，1995.

[7]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 110.

[8]Nicholas Wade，“First Sequencing of Cell's DNA Defi nes Basis of Life，”The New York Times，August 1，1995，p. C1.

[9]Rachel Nowak，“Homing In on the Human Genome，”Science269，469，July 28，1995.

[10]Fraser, C. M.，Gocayne, J.D.，White, O.，Adams, M.D.，Clayton, R.A.，Fleischmann, R.，Bult, C.J.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Sutton, G.，Kelley, J.M.，Fritchman, J.L.，Weidman, J.F.，Small, K.V.，Sandusky, M.，Fuhrmann, J.，Nguyen, D.，Utterback, T.R.，Saudek, D.M.，Phillips, C.A.，Merrick, J.M.，

Tomb, J.，Dougherty, B. A.，Bott, K.F.，Hu, P.，Lucier, T.S.，Peterson S.N.，Smith, H.O.，Hutchison, C.A.，Venter, J.C.“The Minimal Gene Complement ofMycoplasma genitalium，”Science 270，397—403，1995.

[11]Andre Goffeau，“Life with 482 Genes，”Science270，October 20，1995.

[12]Karen Young Kreeger，“First Completed Microbial Genomes Signal Birth of New Area of Study，”The Scientist，November 27，1995.

[13]Adams, M. D.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Fleischmann, R.D.，Fuldner, R.A.，Bult, C.J.，Lee, N.H.，Kirkness, E.F.，Weinstock, K.G.，Gocayne, J.D.，White, O.，Sutton, G.，Blake, J.A.，Brandon, R.C.，Man-Wai, C.，Clayton, R.A.，Cline, R.T.，Cotton, M.D.，Earle-Hughes, J.，Fine, L.D.，FitzGerald, L.M.，FitzHugh, W.M.，Fritchman, J.L.，Geoghagen, N.S.，Glodek, A.，Gnehm, C.L.，Hanna, M.C.，Hedbloom, E.，Hinkle, Jr.，P.S.，Kelley, J.M.，Kelley, J.C.，Liu, L.I.，Marmaros, S.M.，Merrick, J.M.，Moreno-Palanques, R.F.，McDonald, L.A.，Nguyen, D.T.，Pelligrino, S.M.，Phillips, C.A.，Ryder, S.E.，Scott, J.L.，Saudek, D.M.，Shirley, R.Small, K.V.，Spriggs, T.A.，Utterback, T.R.，Weidman, J.F.，Li, Y.，Bednarik, D.P.，Cao, L.，Cepeda, M.A.，Coleman, T.A.，Collins, E.J.，Dimke, D.，Feng, P.，Ferrie, A.，Fischer, C.，Hastings, G.A.，He, W.W.，Hu, J.S.，Greene, J.M.，Gruber, J.，Hudson, P.，Kim, A.，Kozak, D.L.，Kunsch, C.，Hungjun, J.，Li, H.，Meissner, P.S.，Olsen, H.，Raymond, L.，Wei, Y.F.，Wing, J.，Xu, C.，Yu, G.L.，Ruben, S.M.，Dillon, P.J.，Fannon, M.R.，Rosen, C.A.，Haseltine, W.A.，Fields, C.，Fraser, C.M.，Venter, J.C.“Initial Assessment of Human Gene Diversity and Expression Patterns Based Upon 52 Million Basepairs of cDNA Sequence.”Nature377 suppl.，3—174，1995.

[14]John Maddox，“Directory to the human genome，”Nature376，pp. 459—460，August 10，1995.

[15]Elyse Tanouye，The Wall Street Journal，September 28，1995.

[16]Tim Friend，USA Today，vr 28，1995.

[17]Nicholas Wade，The New York Times，September 28，1995.

[18]David Brown and Rick Weiss，TheWashingtonPost，September 28，1955.

[19]Sue Goetinck，The Dallas Morning News，September 28，1995.

[20]Ibid.

[21]John Carey，“The Gene Kings，”Business Week，May 8，1995.

[22]Richard Jerome，“The Gene Hunter，”People，June 12，1995.

[23]Troy Goodman, U. S.News and World Report，October 9，1995.

[24]Bult, C. J.，White, O.，Olsen, G.J.，Zhou, L.，Fleischmann, R.D.，Sutton, G.G.，Blake, J.A.，FitzGerald, L.M.，Clayton, R.A.，Gocayne, J.D.，Kerlavage, A.R.Dougherty, B.A.Tomb, J.-F.，Adams, M.D.，Reich, C.I.，Overbeek, R.，Kirkness, E.F.，Weinstock, K.G.，Merrick, J.M.，Glodek, A.，Scott, J.L.，Geoghagen, S.M.，Weidman, J.F.，Fuhrmann, J.L.，Nguyen, D.，Utterback, T.R.，Kelley, J.M.，Peterson, J.D.，Sadow, P.W.，Hanna, M.C.，Cotton, M.D.，Roberts, K.M.Hurst, M.A.，Kaine, B.P.，Borodovsky, M.，Klenk, H.-P.，Fraser, C.M.，Smith, H.O.，Woese, C.R and Venter, J.C.“Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon，Methanococcus jannaschii，”Science 372，1058—1073，1996.

[25]Tim Friend，USA Today，August 23—25，1996.

[26]The Christian Science Monitor，August 23，1996.

[27]The Economist，August 24，1996.

[28]Jim Wilson，Popular Mechanics，December 1996.

[29]San Jose Mercury News，August 23，1996.

[30]Curt Suplee，The Washington Post，September 30，1996.

[31]Nicholas Wade，“Thinking Small Paying Off Big in Gene Quest，”The New York Times，February 3，1997.

第10章　机构脱离

[1]Gina Kolata，“Wallace Steinberg Dies at 61；Backed Health Care Ventures，”The New York Times，July 29，1995.

[2]Angus Phillips，“He Leaves His Body to Science, His Heart to Sailing.”The Washington Post，November 24，1996.

[3]Nicholas Wade，The New York Times，June 24，1997.

[4]Beth Berselli，“Gene Split；Research Partners Human Genome and TIGR Are Ending Their Marriage of Convenience，”The Washington Post，July 7，1997.

[5]The（Memphis）Commercial Appeal，July 4，1997.

[6]TimFriend，“20000 New Genes Boon to Research，”USAToday，June 25，1997.

[7]Ibid.

第11章　测序人类

[1]Maurice Wilkins，The Third Man of the Double Helix：The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2003），p. 206.

[2]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine Books，2005），p. 19.

[3]Elizabeth Pennisi，“DNA Sequencers'Trial by Fire，”Science280，814—817，May 8，1998.

[4]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread，（London：Corgi，2003），p. 172.

[5]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 163.

[6]Ibid.，p. 21.

[7]Nicholas Wade，“Scientist's Plan：Map All DNA Within 3 Years，”The New York Times，May 10，1998，p. 1，20

[8]Ibid.

[9]Ibid.

[10]Nicholas Wade，“Beyond Sequencing of Human DNA，”The New York Times，May 12，1998.

[11]Sulston and Ferry, The Common Thread, p. 172.

[12]Ibid.，p. 174.

[13]Justin Gillis and Rick Weiss，“Private Firm Aims to Beat Government to Gene Map，”The Washington Post，May 12，1998，A01.

[14]Nicholas Wade，“Beyond Sequencing of Human DNA.”

[15]Gillis and Weiss，“Private Firm.”

[16]Ibid.

[17]Elizabeth Pennisi，“DNA Sequencers'Trial by Fire，”Science, May 81998：Vol. 280.no.5365，pp.814—817.

[18]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 171.

[19]ShreeveThe Genom War，p. 23.

[20]Ibid.，p. 51.

[21]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 180.

[22]Ashburner, M.Won for All：How the Drosophila Genome was Sequenced（Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，2006），p. 1.

[23]Ibid.，p. 15.

[24]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 176.

[25]Ibid.

[26]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 48.

[27]Ibid.，p. 53.

[28]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 188.

[29]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 53.

第12章　疯狂的杂志和破坏性的生意人

[1]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 190.

[2]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 125.

[3]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 93.

[4]Ibid.，p. 226.

[5]Maynard Olson，“The Human Genome Project：A Player's Perspective，”JournalofMolecularBiology，2002，319，931—942.

第13章　向前飞

[1]James Shreeve, The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 285.

[2]Ashburner, M.Won for All：How the Drosophila Genome was Sequenced（Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，2006），p. 45.

[3]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 300.

[4]Ashburner, M.，Won for All，p. 55.

[5]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 232.

[6]Mark D. Adams, Susan E.Celniker, Robert A.Holt, Cheryl A.Evans, Jeannine D.Gocayne, Peter G.Amanatides, Steven E.Scherer, Peter W.Li, Roger A.Hoskins, Richard F.Galle, Reed A.George, Suzanna E.Lewis, Stephen Richards, Michael Ashburner, Scott N.Henderson, Granger G.Sutton, Jennifer R.Wortman, Mark D.Yandell, Qing Zhang, Lin X.Chen, Rhonda C.Brandon, Yu-Hui C.Rogers, Robert G.Blazej, Mark Champe, Barret D.Pfeiffer, Kenneth H.Wan, Clare Doyle, Evan G.Baxter, Gregg Helt, Catherine R.Nelson, George L.Gabor Miklos, Josep F.Abril, Anna Agbayani, Hui-Jin An, Cynthia Andrews-Pfannkoch, Danita Baldwin, Richard M.Ballew, Anand Basu, James Baxendale, Leyla Bayraktaroglu, Ellen M.Beasley, Karen Y.Beeson, P.V.Benos, Benjamin P.Berman, Deepali Bhandari, Slava Bolshakov, Dana Borkova, Michael R.Botchan, John Bouck, Peter Brokstein, Phillipe Brottier, Kenneth C.Burtis, Dana A.Busam, Heather Butler, Edouard Cadieu, Angela Center, Ishwar Chandra, J.Michael Cherry, Simon Cawiey, Carl Dahlke, Lionel B.Davenport, Peter Davies, Beatriz de Pablos, Arthur Delcher, Zuoming Deng, Anne Deslattes Mays, Ian Dew, Suzanne M.Dietz, Kristina Dodson, Lisa E.Doup, Michael Downes, Shannon Dugan-Rocha, Boris C.Dunkov, Patrick Dunn, Kenneth J.Durbin, Carlos C.Evangelista, Concepcion Ferraz, Steven Ferriera, Wolfgang Fleischmann, Carl Fosler, Andrei E.Gabrielian, Neha S.Garg, William M.Gelbart, Ken Glasser, Anna Glodek, Fangcheng Gong, J.Harley Gorrell, Zhiping Gu, Ping Guan, Michael Harris, Nomi L.Harris, Damon Harvey, Thomas J.Heiman, Judith R.Hernandez, Jarrett Houck, Damon Hostin, Kathryn A.Houston, Timothy J.Howland, Ming-Hui Wei, Chinyere Ibegwam, Mena Jalali, Francis Kalush, Gary H.Karpen, Zhaoxi Ke, James A.Kennison, Karen A.Ketchum, Bruce E.Kimmel, Chinnappa D.Kodira, Cheryl Kraft, Saul Kravitz, David Kulp, Zhongwu Lai, Paul Lasko, Yiding Lei, Alexander A.Levitsky, Jiayin Li, Zhenya Li, Yong Liang, Xiaoying Lin, Xiangjun Liu, Bettina Mattei, Tina C.McIntosh, Michael P.McLeod, Duncan McPherson, Gennady Merkulov, Natalia V.Milshina, Clark Mobarry, Joe Morris, Ali Moshrefi, Stephen M.Mount, Mee Moy, Brian Murphy, Lee Murphy, Donna M.Muzny, David L.Nelson, David R.Nelson, Keith A.Nelson, Katherine Nixon, Deborah R.Nusskern, Joanne M.Pacleb, Michael Palazzolo, Gjange S.Pittman, Sue Pan, John Pollard, Vinita Puri, Martin G.Reese, Knut Reinert, Karin Remington, Robert D.C.Saunders, Frederick Scheeler, Hua Shen, Bixiang Christopher Shue, Inga Sidén-Kiamos, Michael Simpson, Marian P.Skupski, Tom Smith, Eugene Spier, Allan C.Spradling, Mark Stapleton, Renee Strong, Eric Sun, Robert Svirskas, Cyndee Tector, Russell Turner, Eli Venter, Aihui H.Wang, Xin Wang, Zhen-Yuan Wang, David A.Wassarman, George M.Weinstock, Jean Weissenbach, Sherita M.Williams, Trevor Woodage, Kim C.Worley, David Wu, Song Yang, Q.Alison Yao, Jane Ye, Ru-Fang Yeh, Jayshree S.Zaveri, Ming Zhan, Guangren Zhang, Qi Zhao, Liansheng Zheng, Xiangqun H.Zheng, Fei N.Zhong, Wenyan Zhong, Xiaojun Zhou, Shiaoping Zhu, Xiaohong Zhu, Hamilton O.Smith, Richard A.Gibbs, Eugene W.Myers, Gerald M.Rubin, and J.Craig Venter.“The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster，”Science, March 24，2000：2185—2195.

[7]Justin Gillis，“Will this MAVERICK unlock the greatest scientifi-c discovery of his age?Copernicus, Newton, Einstein and VENTER?”USA Weekend，January 29—31，1999.

[8]Philip E. Ross，“Gene Machine，”Forbes Magazine，February 21，2000.

第14章　第一份人类基因组

[1]褐色眼睛有和蓝色眼睛同样多的黑色素细胞，但是它们产生相对较多的黑色素。蓝色并不是由于黑色素本身的颜色而是由于黑色素细胞的光散射效应（就像天空是蓝色的一样）。新生婴儿眼睛是蓝色的是因为他们还没有生成很多的黑色素。

[2]David Ewing Duncan，The Geneticist Who Played Hoops with My DNA：……and Other Masterminds from the Frontiers of Biotech（London：Fourth Estate，2005）.

[3]James C. Mullikin, and Amanda A.McMurray，“Sequencing the Genome, Fast，”Science，March 19，1999：Vol.283.no.5409，pp.1867—1868.

[4]1999年3月15日星期一，NHGRI发布：人类基因组计划宣布已成功完成了试验性计划，开始大规模地以新颁布的加速的时间表来测序人类基因组：

国际人类基因组计划今天宣布他们已经完成了测序人类基因组的先期试验性工作阶段，开始大规模地测序所有约30亿个字母（被称为碱基对）的人类DNA的说明书。在这些试验性工作的基础上，一个国际协会预言在2000年春天之前他们将会产生至少90%人类基因组序列的“研究草图”，比预期有相当的提前。“我非常高兴看到人类基因组计划对完成人类历史上的最重要的科学计划——揭开遗传密码的秘密——的积极影响。该计划将会改变我们对自己身体和疾病的认识，提高对一些现代医学难以处理的疾病的治疗、治愈和控制手段，”副总统阿尔·戈尔说，“尤其使我感到激动的是，我们正在进入全面测序阶段并且有望提前原计划一年半完成一个工作草图。”

[5]Francis Collins，The Language of God：A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief（New York：Free Press，2006），p. 119.

[6]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 186.

[7]Collins，The Language of God，p. 120.

[8]Tim Friend，“Feds May Have Tried to Bend Law for Gene Map，”USA Today，March 13，2000.

[9]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 314.

[10]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 182.

[11]Ibid.，p. 240.

[12]Ibid.，p. 228.

[13]Collins，The Language of God，p. 121.

[14]Ibid.

[15]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 185.

[16]Ibid.，p. 241.

[17]Ibid.，p. 265.

[18]Ibid.，p. 277.

[19]David Whitehouse，“Gene firm labeled a‘con job'”BBC News Online, March 6，2000.

英国主要的基因测序试验室桑格中心的主任约翰·萨尔斯顿博士攻击美国塞雷拉公司以及它的主任克雷格·文特尔博士，说他们试图出售DNA数据牟利，而该数据既包括公共数据也包括私人数据。他们还使用该计划的遗传信息来读取人类基因组，国际上对此争论日益激烈，萨尔斯顿说公众必须知道事情的真相。他对BBS说：“如果它对我们不是这样严肃的话，这本应该是件愉快的事。”萨尔斯顿博士说：“塞雷拉吸取了所有的公众数据，加上他们自己的一点点数据然后成套出售。对于想要购买它的人来说这也不错，这由他们决定。”但是他补充说塞雷拉的数据是某种“欺骗性工作……正在浮现的事实是绝对非常规的。他们真的试图建立一个为期5年左右的关于人类基因组的完全垄断的地位。除了是‘拥有’人类基因本身的伦理问题，”萨尔斯顿博士认为，“危险的是塞雷拉将会一意孤行并劝说政客们减少对基因研究的公共基金支持，因为他们会认为私人公司就可以做所有的事情了。”

[20]Sorin Istrail, Granger G. Sutton, Liliana Florea, Aaron L.Halpern, Clark M.Mobarry, Ross Lippert, Brian Walenz, Hagit Shatkay, Ian Dew, Jason R.Miller, Michael J.Flanigan, Nathan J.Edwards, Randall Bolanos, Daniel Fasulo, Bjarni V.Halldorsson, Sridhar Hannenhalli, Russell Turner, Shibu Yooseph, Fu Lu, Deborah R.Nusskern, Bixiong Chris Shue, Xiangqun Holly Zheng, Fei Zhong, Arthur L.Delcher, Daniel H.Huson, Saul A.Kravitz, Laurent Mouchard, Knut Reinert, Karin A.Remington, Andrew G.Clark, Michael S.Waterman, Evan E.Eichler, Mark D.Adams, Michael W.Hunkapiller, Eugene W.Myers, and J.Craig Venter，“Whole Genome Shotgun Assembly and Comparison of Human Genome Assemblies，”Proc.Nat！.Acad.Sci.USA, published online, February 9，2004，10.1073.

[21]Memo from Lynn Holland to Celera senior staff；containing Rich Roberts e-mail and Eric Lander e-mail.

[22]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 314.

[23]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 244.

[24]Peter G Gosselin, Paul Jacobs，“Rush to Crack Genetic Code Breeds Trouble Science：Public-private rift arises after company seeks exclusive rights in exchange for sharing expanding data，”Los Angles Times，March 6，2000.

[25]Justin Gills，“Gene-Mapping Controversy Escalates；Rockville Firm Says Government Offi cials Seek to Undercut Its Effort，”The Washington Post，March 7，2000.

[26]Nicholas Wade，“Genome Decoding Plan Is Derailed by Confl icts，”The New York Times，March 9，2000.

[27]Gillis，“Gene-Mapping Controversy Escalates.”

[28]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 246.

[29]Transcript of Briefing by Directors of Office on Science and Technology Policy and the Human Genome Project，U. S.Newswire，March 14，2000.

[30]Ibid.

[31]Frederick Goolden and Michael Lemonick，“The Race is Over，”Time，July 3，2000.

[32]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 250.

[33]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 296.

[34]Bill Clinton，MyLife（London：Hutchinson，2004），p. 889.

[35]Deb Reichmann, A Blue Dress and a Presidential Blood Sample，”PittsburghPost-Gazette（Associated Press）September 22，1998. Charles B.Babcock.“The DNA Test，”TheWashingtonPost，September 22，1998.

[36]Collins.The Language of God，p. 122.

[37]Bob Davis and Ron Winslow，“Joint release of DNA drafts is planned，”The Wall Street Journal，June 20，2000.

[38]Ibid.

第15章　白宫，2000年6月26日

[1]Matt Ridley.Genome：The Autobiography of a Species（New York：Harper Perennial，2000），p. 5.

[2]Bill Clinton，MyLife（London：Hutchinson，2004），p. 910.

[3]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 258.

[4]Ibid.，p. 252.

[5]Francis Collins，The Language of God：A Scientist Presents EvidenceforBelief（New York：Free Press, New York，2006），p. 2

[6]Francis Collins，The Language of God，p. 3.

[7]Ibid.

第16章　出版和被诅咒

[1]Michael Ashburner. See James Shreeve，The GenomeWar：How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World（New York：Ballantine，2005），p.361.

[2]J. Craig Venter, Mark D.Adams, Eugene W.Myers, Peter W.Li, Richard J.Mural, Granger G.Sutton, Hamilton O.Smith, Mark Yandell, Cheryl A.Evans, Robert A.Holt, Jeannine D.Gocayne, Peter Amanatides, Richard M.Ballew, Daniel H.Huson, Jennifer Russo Wortman, Qing Zhang, Chinnappa D.Kodira, Xiangqun H.Zheng, Lin Chen, Marian Skupski, Gangadharan Subramanian, Paul D.Thomas, Jinghui Zhang, George L.Gabor Miklos, Catherine Nelson, Samuel Broder, Andrew G.Clark, Joe Nadeau, Victor A.McKusick, Norton Zinder, Arnold J.Levine, Richard J.Roberts, Mel Simon, Carolyn Slayman, Michael Hunkapiller, Randall Bolanos, Arthur Delcher, Ian Dew, Daniel Fasulo, Michael Flanigan, Liliana Florea, Aaron Halpern, Sridhar Hannenhalli, Saul Kravitz, Samuel Levy, Clark Mobarry, Knut Reinert, Karin Remington, Jane Abu-Threideh, Ellen Beasley, Kendra Biddick, Vivien Bonazzi, Rhonda Brandon, Michele Cargill, Ishwar Chandramouliswaran, Rosane Charlab, Kabir Chaturvedi, Zuoming Deng, Valentina Di Francesco, Patrick Dunn, Karen Eilbeck, Carlos Evangelista, Andrei E.Gabrielian, Weiniu Gan, Wangmao Ge, Fangcheng Gong, Zhiping Gu, Ping Guan, Thomas J.Heiman, Maureen E.Higgins, Rui-Ru Ji, Zhaoxi Ke, Karen A.Ketchum, Zhongwu Lai, Yiding Lei, Zhenya Li, Jiayin Li, Yong Liang, Xiaoying Lin, Fu Lu, Gennady V.Merkulov, Natalia Milshina, Helen M.Moore, Ashwinikumar K Naik, Vaibhav A.Narayan, Beena Neelam, Deborah Nusskern, Douglas B.Rusch, Steven Salzberg，2 Wei Shao, Bixiong Shue, Jingtao Sun, Zhen Yuan Wang, Aihui Wang, Xin Wang, Jian Wang, Ming-Hui Wei, Ron Wides, Chunlin Xiao, Chunhua Yan, Alison Yao, Jane Ye, Ming Zhan, Weiqing Zhang, Hongyu Zhang, Qi Zhao, Lianvldvall.sheng Zheng, Fei Zhong, Wenyan Zhong, Shiaoping C.Zhu, Shaying Zhao，2 Dennis Gilbert, Suzanna Baumhueter, Gene Spier, Christine Carter, Anibal Cravchik, Trevor Woodage, Feroze Ali, Huijin An, Aderonke Awe, Danita Baldwin, Holly Baden, Mary Barnstead, Ian Barrow, Karen Beeson, Dana&nbsp；Busam, Amy Carver, Angela Center, Ming Lai Cheng, Liz Curry, Steve Danaher, Lionel Davenport, Raymond Desilets, Susanne Dietz, Kristina Dodson, Lisa Doup, Steven Ferriera, Neha Garg, Andres Gluecksmann, Brit Hart, Jason Haynes, Charles Haynes, Cheryl Heiner, Suzanne Hladun, Damon Hostin, Jarrett Houck, Timothy Howland, Chinyere Ibegwam, Jeffery Johnson, Francis Kalush, Lesley Kline, Shashi Koduru, Amy Love, Felecia Mann, David May, Steven McCawley, Tina McIntosh, Ivy McMullen, Mee Moy, Linda Moy, Brian Murphy, Keith Nelson, Cynthia Pfannkoch, Eric Pratts, Vinita Puri, Hina Qureshi, Matthew Reardon, Robert Rodriguez, Yu-Hui Rogers, Deanna Romblad, Bob Ruhfel, Richard Scott, Cynthia Sitter, Michelle Smallwood, Erin Stewart, Renee Strong, Ellen Suh, Reginald Thomas, Ni Ni Tint, Sukyee Tse, Claire Vech, Gary Wang, Jeremy Wetter, Sherita Williams, Monica Williams, Sandra Windsor, Emily Winn-Deen, Keriellen Wolfe, Jayshree Zaveri, Karena Zaveri, Josep F.Abril, Roderic Guigo，4 Michael J.Campbell, Kimmen V.Sjolander, Brian Karlak, Anish Kejariwal, Huaiyu Mi, Betty Lazareva, Thomas Hatton, Apurva Narechania, Karen Diemer, Anushya Muruganujan, Nan Guo, Shinji Sato, Vineet Bafna, Sorin Istrail, Ross Lippert, Russell Schwartz, Brian Walenz, Shibu Yooseph, David Allen, Anand Basu, James Baxendale, Louis Blick, Marcelo Caminha, John Carnes-Stine, Parris Caulk, Yen-Hui Chiang, My Coyne, Carl Dahlke, Anne Deslattes Mays, Maria Dombroski, Michael Donnelly, Dale Ely, Shiva Esparham, Carl Fosler, Harold Gire, Stephen Glanowski, Kenneth Glasser, Anna Glodek, Mark Gorokhov, Ken Graham, Barry Gropman, Michael Harris, Jeremy Heil, Scott Henderson, Jeffrey Hoover, Donald Jennings, Catherine Jordan, James Jordan, John Kasha, Leonid Kagan, Cheryl Kraft, Alexander Levitsky, Mark Lewis, Xiangjun Liu, John Lopez, Daniel Ma, William Majoros, Joe McDaniel, Sean Murphy, Matthew Newman, Trung Nguyen, Ngoc Nguyen, Marc Nodell, Sue Pan, Jim Peck, Marshall Peterson, William Rowe，&nbsp；Robert Sanders, John Scott, Michael Simpson, Thomas Smith, Arlan Sprague, Timothy Stockwell, Russell Turner, Eli Venter, Mei Wang, Meiyuan Wen, David Wu, Mitchell Wu, Ashley Xia, Ali Zandieh, Xiaohong Zhu，The Sequence of the Human Genome，February 16，2001 Vol.291 Science，1304—1351.

[3]R Waterston, E Lander, and J Sulston，“On the sequencing of the human genome，”Proc. Natl.Acad.Sci.USA，99，3712-16，2002.

[4]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry.The Common Thread.（Corgi，2003）p. 271.

[5]James Shreeve.The Genome War. How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World.（Ballantine, New York，2005）p.364.

[6]David Ewing Duncan，The Geneticist Who Played Hoops with My DNA：……and Other Masterminds from the Frontiers of Biotech（London：Fourth Estate，2005），p. 134.

[7]Mural, R. J.，Adams, M.D.，Myers, E.W.，Smith, H.O.，Miklos, G.L.，Wides, R.，Halpern, A.，Li, P.W.，Sutton, G.，Nadeau, J.，Salzbert, S.L.，Holt, R.，Kodira, C.D.，Lu, F.，Evangelista, C.C.，Gan, W.，Heiman, T.J.，Li, J.，Merkulov, G.V.，Naik, A.K.，Qi, R.，Wang, A.，Wang, X.，Yan, X.，Yooseph, S.，Zheng, L.，Zhu, S.C.，Biddick, K.，Bolanos, R.，

Delcher, A.，Dew, I.，Fasulo, D.，Flanigan, M.，Huson, D.，Kravitz, S.，Miller, J. R.，Mobarry, C.，Reinert, K.，Remington, K.，Zhang, Q.，Zheng, X.H.，Nusskern, D.，Lai, Z.，Lei, Y.，Zhong, W.，Yao, A.，Guan, P.，Ji, R.，Gu, Z.，Wang, Z.，Y.，Zhong, F.，Ziao, C.，Chiang, C.，Yandell, M.，Wortman, J.，Amanatides, P.，Hladun, S.，Pratts, E.，Johnson, J.，Dodson, K.，Woodford, K.，Evans, J.C.，Gropman, B.，Rusch, D.，Venter, E.，Wang, M.，Smith, T.，Houck, Tompkins, D.E.，

Haynes, C.，Jacob, D.，Chin, S. Allen, D.，Dahlke, C.，Sanders, B.，Li, K.，Liu, F.，Levitsky, A.，Majoros, W.，Chen, Q.，Xia, A.，Lopez, J.，Donnelly, M.，Newman, M.，Glodek, A.，Kraft, C.，Nodell, M.，Beeson, K.，Cai, S.，Caulk, P.，Chen, Y.，Coyne, M.，Dietz, S.，Dullaghan, P.，Fosler, C.，Gire, C.，Gocayne, J.D.，Hoover, J.，Howland, T.，Ma, D.，McIntosh, T.，Murphy, B.，Murphy, S.，Nelson, K.，Parker, K.Prudhomme, A.，Puri, Vinita, Qureshi, H.，Raley, J.C.，Reardon, M.，Regier, M.，Rogers, Y.，Romblad, D.，Scott, J.，

Scott, R.，Sitter, C.，Sprague, A.，Stewart, E.，Strong, R.，Suh, E.，Sylvester, K.，Tint, N. N.，Tsonis, C.，Wang, G.，Wang, G.，Williams, M.，Williams, S.，Windsor, S.Wolfe, K.，Wu, M.，Zaveri, J.，Zubeda, N.，Subramanian, G.，Venter, J.C.“A Comparison of Whole-Genome Shotgun-Derived Mouse Chromosome 16 and the Human Genome，”Science，296，1661—1671，2002.

[8]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 261.

[9]Meredith Wadman，“Biology's Bad Boy Is Back，”Fortune，March 8，2004.

[10]这个效应的另外一个可能的机制取决于生命初始的特性。在生命的头24小时，亲代DNA还没有混合形成个体，这些DNA甚至还没有被使用过。亲代基因信息到处乱跑着控制和影响生命发展的早期阶段。这些信息写在RNA里面，它是我们细胞中比DNA更为古老的外遗传密码，它从卵子和精子里遗传下来。你可以把这看作是一个RNA操作系统，该操作系统可以使进化软件在细胞里运行。

第17章　蓝色星球和新生命

[1]Maynard Olson，“The Human Genome Project：A Player's Perspective.”J. Mol.Biol.319，931—42，2002.

[2]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry.The Common Thread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 192.

[3]Myers, E. W.，Sutton, G.G.，Smith, H.O.，Adams, M.D.，Venter, J.C.，“On the sequencing and assembly of the human genome，”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 99，7，4145—4146，2002.

[4]R Waterston, E. Lander, and J Sulston，“On the sequencing of the human genome，”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA，vol 99，2002，pp.3712—3716.

[5]Ibid.

[6]Nicholas Wade，“Genome Project Rivals Trade Notes, Cordially，”The New York Times，June 12，2001，p. 2.

[7]Nicholas Wade，“Grad Student Becomes Gene Effort's Unlikely Hero，”The New York Times，February 13，2001，p. 2.

[8]Particularly on chromosome 22.

[9]Mark D. Adams, Granger G.Sutton, Hamilton O.Smith, Eugene W.Myers, and J.Craig Venter，“The independence of our genome assemblies，”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 2003100：3025—3026.Jim Kent, e-mail to Roger Highfield, April 21，2006.

[10]International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome，Nature431，931—945（21 October 2004）

[11]Sorin Istrail, Granger G. Sutton, Liliana Florea, Aaron L.Halpern, Clark M.Mobarry, Ross Lippert, Brian Walenz, Hagit Shatkay, Ian Dew, Jason R.Miller, Michael J.Flanigan, Nathan J.Edwards, Randall Bolanos, Daniel Fasulo, Bjarni V.Halldorsson, Sridhar Hannenhalli, Russell Turner, Shibu Yooseph, Fu Lu, Deborah R.Nusskern, Bixiong Chris Shue, Xiangqun Holly Zheng, Fei Zhong, Arthur L.Delcher, Daniel H.Huson, Saul A.Kravitz, Laurent Mouchard, Knut Reinert, Karin A.Remington, Andrew G.Clark, Michael S.Waterman, Evan E.Eichler, Mark D.Adams, Michael W.Hunkapiller, Eugene W.Myers, and J.Craig Venter，“Whole genome shotgun assembly and comparison of human genome assemblies，”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA，February 9，2004，10.1073.

[12]Nicholas Wade, Scientist Revels Secret of the Genome：It's His，The New York Times，April 27，2002.

[13]Antonio Regalado，“Entrepreneur Puts Himself Up for Study In Genetic‘Tell-All，'”The Wall Street Journal，October 18，2006.

[14]Samuel Levy, Granger Sutton, Pauline g, Lars Feuk, Aaron L. Halpern, Brian Walcnz, Nelson Axelrod, Jiaqi Huang, Ewen Kirkness, Gennady Denisov, Yuan Lin, Jeffrey R MacDonald, Andy Wing Chun Pang, Mary Shago, Tim Stockwell, Alexia Tsiarnouri, Vineet Bafna, Vikas Bansal, Saul Kravitz, Dana Busam, Karen Beeson, Tina Mcintosh, John Gill, Jon Borman, Yu-Hui Rogers, Marvin Frazier, tephen Scherer, Robert L Strausberg, J.Craig Venter，“The First Diploid Genome Sequence for Homo Sapien.”PLoS Biology，2007.

[15]Venter, J. C.，Remington, K.，Heidelberg, J.，Halpern, A.，Rusch, D.，Eisen, J.，Wu, D.，Paulsen, I.，Nelson, K.，Nelson, W.，Fouts, D.，Levy, S.，Knap, A.，Lomas, M.，Nealson, K.，White, O.，Peterson, J.，Hoffman, J.，Parsons, R.，Baden-Tillson, H.，Pfannkoch, C.，Rogers, YH.，and Smith, H.“Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea，”Science304（5667）：66—74（2004）.

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[18]Elizabeth Weise，“Scientists create a virus that reproduces，”USA Today，November 14，2003.

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