注釋
    緒論
    ●緒論中提到幾張地圖,按登場順序分別為:
    (1)「季名臺」,《九州分野輿圖古今人物事跡》(南京,「一六四三」);University of British Columbia (UBC) Library.
    (2)季明臺,《皇明分野輿圖古今人物事跡》(南京,一六四三);Harvard-Yenching Library, Cambridge, MA.
    (3)梁輈,《乾坤萬國全圖古今人物事跡》(南京,「一五九三」),私人收藏;published in The Library of Philip Robinson, pt 2: The Chinese Collection (London: Sotheby’s, 1988), p. 76.
    (4)利瑪竇,《坤輿萬國全圖》(北京,一六○二)。明尼蘇達大學(University of Minnesota)貝爾圖書館(Bell Library)的收藏張貼在https://www.lib.umn.edu/bell/riccimap.
    (5)奧特留斯,《地球全圖》,引自氏著,Theatrum orbis terrarium [Theatre of the sphere of the earth] (Antwerp: Gilles Coppens de Diest, 1570).
    ●利瑪竇對於中國製圖學的巨大影響,在Cordell Yee, ‘Traditional Chinese Cartography and the Myth of Westernization’, in J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, pt 2 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 170-86有深入探討。
    ●關於古代經典中談到「萬國」的地方,我是引自James Legge (trans.), The Yi King (1899), p. 213, and Stephen Durrant et al. (trans.), Zuo Tradition (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2016), vol. 3, p. 1875. 至於其他的參考資料,可見James Legge (trans.), The Shoo King (The Chinese Classics, vol. 3), pp. 523, 526, 534; John Knoblock (trans.), Xunzi (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), vol. 2, p. 135; and Burton Watson (trans.), Records of the Grand Historian of China, vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), p. 492.
    ●Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene對於「大國」概念的分析惠我良多,尤其是他的‘Where Did the Mongol Empire Come From? Medieval Mongol Ideas of People, State and Empire’, Inner Asia 13:2 (2011), pp. 211-37. 對於這個概念的更多說明,可參考我的‘Great States’, Journal of Asian Studies 75:4 (2016), pp. 957-72.
    ●「那些個小國以為真理只屬於它們」:Voltaire, Chinese Catechism, Dialogues and Philosophic Criticisms (New York: Peter Eckler, 1918).
    ●「被流放到亞洲環境中」:Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (London: Taylor and Hessey, 1823), p. 169.
    第一章
    ●關於忽必烈的肖像,見陳曉偉,〈元世祖出獵圖流傳考略〉,《中國國家博物館館刊》(2016:6)。
    ●忽必烈汗早年的大事記與文件,摘自官修史書《元史》(北京:中華書局,1976年),頁63-8, 3688-3694。讀者如果對他的生平有興趣,Morris Rossabi, Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988)至今仍是最好的忽必烈傳記。
    ●馬可.波羅的回憶段落,引自Ronald Latham的譯本,The Travels of Marco Polo (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1958), pp. 39-40, 108-13, 121-30, 153. 引用原文時,我個人覺得法國國家圖書館的法文手稿相當好用,見Bibliothèque Nationale (MS fr. 5631), published in six volumes by Philippe Ménard as Le Devisement du monde (Paris: Droz, 2001-09). 關於馬可.波羅的二手研究可說汗牛充棟,閱讀Simon Gaunt, Marco Polo’s Le Devisement du monde: Narrative Voice, Language and Diversity (Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 2013)讓我收穫最多。挑馬可.波羅的毛病已是全民運動。關於論辯中兩派的論點,見Frances Wood, Did Marco Polo Go to China? (London: Secker & Warburg, 1995)與Hans Ulrich Vogel, Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues (Leiden: Brill, 2012).
    ●「於上都」:Ernest Hartley Coleridge (ed.), The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1968), vol. 1, p. 297. 柯勒律治讀的段落,出自Samuel Purchas, Purchas his Pilgrimage (London, 1613)中,馬可.波羅記述的摘要。
    ●「無論是子民之眾」:Polo, The Travels, p. 113.
    ●「周長整整十六英里」:Polo, The Travels, p. 108.
    ●「國家之大統,不可久曠」:《元史》,頁63。
    ●忽必烈汗的改元詔:《元史》,頁99。
    ●忽必烈汗的建國詔:《元史》,頁138。
    ●「朝儀大元受天命」:陶宗儀,《南村輟耕錄》(北京:中華書局,2004年),頁17。
    ●Bruce Campbell, The Great Transition: Climate, Disease and Society in the Late-Medieval World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), pp. 198-208, 提到對蒙古落葉松與福建柏的研究。
    ●「地高、井深、星大」:黃汴,《一統路程圖記》(1570年),重印於楊正泰,《明代驛站考》(上海:上海古籍出版社,2006年),頁239。
    ●關於「放走」比賽,見陶宗儀,《南村輟耕錄》,頁19。
    ●關於黑人在中國的歷史,見Don Wyatt, The Blacks of Premodern China (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011); 並見氏著,The Image of the Black in Chinese Art’, in David Bindman et al. (ed.), The Image of the Black in African and Asian Art (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017), pp. 295-324.
    第二章
    ●關於闊闊真之行,以及在大不里士受的接待,見Marco Polo, The Travels, pp. 42-5. Philippe Ménard, ‘Marco Polo et la mer: le retour de Marco Polo en occident d’après les diverses versions du texte’, in Silvia Conte (ed.), I viaggi del milione (rome: Tiellemedia, 2008), pp. 173-204對馬可.波羅的海上旅程有非常實用的說明。
    ●關於沙不丁,見宋濂,《元史》,頁298、311、319、322、325、326、336、338、339、345、346、352、364、528、2402-3、4050與4572;我們不知道沙不丁之弟的波斯名字,只知道漢語音譯為「合八失」,見頁252與528。Yang Chih-Chiu and Ho Yung-Chi, ‘Marco Polo Quits China’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9:1 (1945), p. 51是最早注意並提到沙不丁奏章的文章。關於這份奏章,見Francis Cleaves, ‘A Chinese Source Bearing on Marco Polo’s Departure from China and a Persian Source on His Arrival in Persia’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 36 (1976), pp. 181-203. Cleaves的奏章譯文可見pp. 186-7.
    ●忽必烈於一二六六年寄給天皇的信:宋濂,《元史》,頁111-112、4625-4626。
    ●「日本未嘗相侵」;「今非其時」:宋濂,《元史》,頁4630。
    ●關於楊庭壁,見宋濂,《元史》,頁214、245、250、4669-4670;楊庭壁進攻占婆,見頁3152-3153。蒙古對南印度採取的措施,見Roderich Ptak, ‘Yuan and Early Ming Notices on the Kayal Area in South India’, Bulletin de l’École française de l’Extrême-Orient 80 (1993), pp. 137-56; Tansen Sen, ‘The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries’, Asia Major 19:1-2 (2006), pp. 299-326. 關於蒙古對東南亞措施,見Derek Heng, Sino–Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth through the Fourteenth Century (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2009).
    ●「元之盛時」:謝肇淛,《五雜組》(上海:上海書店,2001年),第四章。近年來,關於蒙古艦隊入侵日本的考古發現,見James Delgado, Khubilai Khan’s Lost Fleet: History’s Greatest Naval Disaster (London: Bodley Head, 2008).
    ●關於在新加坡海峽航行(外地人必須仰賴當地的引水人),見Peter Borschberg, ‘Remapping the Straits of Singapore? New Insights from Old Sources’, in his Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka Area (16th to 18th Century) (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2004), pp. 93-130.
    ●人們為了了解季風情況而參考的那部印度洋領航指南,是Alexander George Findlay, A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Archipelago, China, and Japan (London: Richard Holmes Laurie, 1878), pp. 5-6, 26, 51-2. 關於季風在孟加拉灣的情況,見Sila Tripati and L. N. Raut, ‘Monsoon Wind and Maritime Trade: A Case Study of Historical Evidence from Orissa, India’, Current Science 90:6 (25 March 2006), pp. 864-71.
    ●印度洋沿海政體的發達程度,取決於其統治者對海上貿易有多鼓勵;見Sebastian Prange, Monsoon Asia: Travel and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
    ●「阿魯渾汗派火者等使節至大汗處」:Wheeler Thackston (trans.), Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), vol. 3: by Rashiduddin Fazlullah, p. 427.
    ●關於闊闊真使團的傷亡,見Polo, The Travels, p. 44. 標準本的法式義語版馬可.波羅手稿並未包括這一段;見Marco Polo, Le Devisement du monde, ed. Joël Blanchard and Michel Quereuil (Geneva: Droz, 2019), pp. 32-3. 關於闊闊真之死,見Anne Broadbridge, Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), p. 286.
    第三章
    ●若是沒有格林的提點,我肯定寫不出這一章。她編輯的Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death (Kalamazoo, MI: Arc Medieval Press, 2015), 對每一位勇於踏入這個領域的人來說,都是很大的鼓勵。這本書之後的發展,可見她的‘Climate and Disease in Medieval Eurasia’, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (2018). 在新研究出爐之前,蒙古專家傾向於淡化蒙古人與黑死病之間的關係,例如:Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), p. 408.
    ●投石器的圖片摘自Rashīd al-Dīn, Jami’ al-Tawarikh [Compendium of Chronicles], Edinburgh University Library Or.MS 20. David Rice, The Illustrations of the ‘World History’ of Rashīd al-Dīn, ed. Basil Gray (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1976), pp. 146-7對此圖有深入研究。Rice指出,這張插圖要說明的原典段落,是一○ ○三年的一次攻擊行動,而非卡法圍城戰。
    ●德穆希斯的瘟疫回憶,在Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994), pp. 14-26有譯文,但為了這一章的行文之故,我對她的譯文有些調整。De’ Mussis是唯一提及投石機事件的作者。原本已經亡佚很久,但複本出現在一部地理志手稿中,該手稿最後落腳於樂斯拉夫大學圖書館。對於事件的評估,可見Mark Wheelis, ‘Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa’, Emerging Infectious Diseases 8:9 (September 2002), pp. 971-5.
    ●英格蘭作者對於瘟疫起源的看法,取自Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 64, 66, 70, 76, 80, 112.
    ●Wu Lien-Teh et al., Plague: A Manual for Medical and Public Health Workers (Shanghai: National Quarantine Service, 1936), pp. 516-17報告萊克斯醫師的案例。
    ●《巴黎醫學團隊報告》:Horrox, The Black Death, pp. 161, 163.
    ●香港公共衛生規範:Ordinances of Hong Kong for 1903 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government, 1903), pp. 124-7.
    ●關於馬基里奇,見Stuart Borsch, The Black Death in Egypt and England: A Comparative Study (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2005), pp. 1, 4, 136n. 23.
    ●「始於黑暗之地」:Michael Dols, ‘Ibn al-Wardi’s Risalah al-naba’ ‘an alwaba: A Translation of a Major Source for the History of the Black Death in the Middle East’, in D. K. Kouymijian (ed.), Near Eastern Numismatics. Iconography, Epigraphy, and History: Studies in Honor of George C. Miles (Beirut, 1974), p. 448.
    ●關於巴杜達與黑死病,見Ross Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986), pp. 266-78; Ibn Battûta, Voyages, ed. C. Defremery and B. R. Sanguinetti (Paris: La Découverte, 1982), vol. 3, pp. 356-9.
    ●「任何指出『黑死病始於中國或其周邊』的史家」:Robert Hymes, ‘Plague in Jin and Yuan: Evidence from Chinese Medical Writings’ (unpublished).
    ●東史密斯菲爾德(East Smithfield)墓地出土的aDNA,研究見Ewen Callaway, ‘The Black Death Decoded’, Nature 478 (2011), pp. 444-6. 原始報告是Kirsten Bos et al., ‘A Draft Genome of Yersinia pestis from Victims of the Black Death’, Nature 478 (2011), pp. 506-10.
    ●關於大爆發,見Yujun Cui et al., ‘Historical Variations in Mutation Rate in an Epidemic Pathogen, Yersinia pestis’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 110:2 (2013), pp. 577-82.
    ●關於十四世紀的中文瘟疫史料,見井村哮全,〈地方志に記載せられたる中国疫癘略考〉,《中外醫事新報》,1233號1936,頁14-15;張德二等編,《中國三千年氣象紀錄總集》(南京:江蘇教育出版社,2004年),頁539-546。
    ●一三三一年瘟疫所造成最嚴重的衝擊(雖然是出於意外),發生在歷史寫作方面。William McNeill在他的全球瘟疫史巨作Plagues and Peoples (New York: Anchor Press, 1976)中,把關鍵角色交給這起事件來擔綱。但很遺憾,McNeill聘來幫他爬梳中文史料的研究員,誤把一三三一年瘟疫的爆發地點擺到華北平原。對一個內陸府城來說,九○%的死亡率等於死一萬人,但把同樣的死亡率放到華北平原,就是數百萬人死亡。這個錯誤導致McNeill主張黑死病始於一三二○年以前的緬甸,接著往北蔓延,在一三三一年肆虐中國,然後才往西及於卡法(pp. 162, 297);其實不是這樣。
    ●關於開封的疫情,見Robert Hymes, ‘A Hypothesis on the East Asian Beginnings of the Yersinia pestis Polytomy’, in Monica Green (ed.), Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death, pp. 285-308.
    ●「凡五十日」:脫脫編,《金史》(北京:中華書局,1975年),頁387。
    ●「發生何事?」:Igor de Rachewiltz, The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (Leiden: Brill, 2004), vol. 1, p. 203.
    ●「一段漫長、共通創傷的起點」:Monica Green, ‘On Learning How to Teach the Black Death’, History, Philosophy and Science Teaching Note (March 2018), p. 19, on-line at www.hpsst.com/uploads/6/2/9/3/62931075/2018march.
    ●關於妥懽貼睦爾最後出逃,見David Robinson, Empire’s Twilight: Northeast Asia under the Mongols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2009), pp. 285-6.
    ●關於居庸關,見Jirō Murata (ed.), Chü-Yung-Kuan: The Buddhist Arch of the Fourteenth Century A.D. at the Pass of the Great Wall Northwest of Peking (Kyoto: Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1957), 2 vols.
    第四章
    ●鄭和第三次下西洋的主要史料,為永樂朝的實錄《明太宗實錄》,以及兩名隨員留下的記載:馬歡——譯見J. V. G. Mills, Ying-yai Sheng-lan, ‘The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores’ [1433] (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1970),以及費信——譯見Mills, Hsing-ch’a sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Star Raft by Fei Hsin, ed. Roderich Ptak (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996). 鄭和下西洋的歷史已經傳述過許多次。Louise Levathes首先在When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994)提供通俗概述。Edward Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433 (New York: Longman, 2007)是對鄭和下西洋之行最合理的說明。關於這幾次下西洋的堅實評估,見Tan-Sen Sen, ‘The Impact of Zheng He’s Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions’, Bulletin of SOAS 79:3 (2016), pp. 609-36. 態度認真的讀者,建議你不要看Gavin Menzies寫的任何東西。
    ●關於鄭和攻擊甘波羅,見《明太宗實錄》,116.2a-b;譯見Geoff Wade (trans.), Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource (Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/466), Record 771. 關於錫蘭方的說法,見Edward Perera, ‘Alakéswara: His Life and Times’, Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 18, no. 55 (1904), pp. 281-308以及Edward Perera, ‘The Galle Trilingual Stone’, Spolia Zeylanica 8 (1913), pp. 122-32. 關於費信的描述,見J. V. G. Mills, Hsing-ch’a Sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Star Raft, ed. Roderich Ptak (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996), pp. 63-5. 至於錫蘭歷史,我則仰賴K. M. de Silva, A History of Sri Lanka (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1981).
    ●Timothy Brook et al., Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018), pp. 64-70提出合法性在推動大明早期外交關係中扮演的角色。
    ●「頃者克平元都」:《明太祖實錄》,37.23a。
    ●一三六九年派往國外的使節:《明太祖實錄》,38.11a、39.1b;洪武寄給阿答阿者的信:《明太祖實錄》,39.2b;洪武在一三七○年三月與七月捎的訊息:《明太祖實錄》,50.7a-b、53.9b。
    ●「今四海一家」:《明太宗實錄》,134.4b。
    ●托馬林的小傳出現在Arnold Wright, Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries and Resources (London: Lloyd’s, 1909), p. 122. 殖民地政府製作的錫蘭宮廷展覽指南:World’s Columbian Exposition Hand Book & Catalogue: Ceylon Courts (Colombo: H. C. Cottle, 1893). 不列顛人一再主張錫蘭是「模範殖民地」,對於這種說法的挑戰,可見Margaret Jones, Health Policy in Britain’s Model Colony: Ceylon (1900–1948) (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004).
    ●迦勒石碑銘文最早的譯文發表在S. Paranavitana, ‘The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab’, Epigraphica Zeylanica 3 (1933), pp. 331-41. 葡萄牙人「中國之王」一語,見p. 334.
    ●「那個偶像跟這座城市名字相同」:Ibn Battuta, Voyages (Paris: La Découverte, 1997), vol. 3, pp. 266-7.
    ●「直擣巢穴破其營」:Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, p. 115,引自《楊文敏集》(一五一五年)第一章,但我找不到原文。關於中方辯護說這次軍事行動純粹「出於防守」的說法,見C. J. [Chung-jen] Su, ‘The Battle of Ceylon, 1411’, in Department of Chinese, University of Hong Kong (ed.), Essays in Chinese Studies Presented to Professor Lo Hsiang-lin (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1970), pp. 291-7.
    ●「四夷悉欽」:Mills, Hsing-Ch’a Sheng-Lan, p. 65.
    ●獎賞錫蘭戰役的生還者:《明太宗實錄》,118.3a-b、120.1a-b、180.1b。四名錦衣衛歸國:《明宣宗實錄》,18.4b。
    ●「其時正是一四一五年」:Perera, ‘Alakéswara: His Life and Times’, p. 294.
    ●關於十五世紀的明代諸王墓中找到的寶石,見Craig Clunas, ‘Precious Stones and Ming Culture’, in Craig Clunas and Jessica Harrison-Hall (eds), Ming China: Courts and Contacts 1400–1450 (London: British Museum, 2016), pp. 236-44.
    ●馬可.波羅談佛牙舍利:The Travels, pp. 258-9, 284.
    ●「和等執其王」:宿白,〈拉薩布達拉宮主要殿堂和庫藏的部分明代文書〉,收入氏著《藏傳佛教寺院考古》(北京:文物出版社,一九九六年),頁213;譯文改寫自Tansen Sen, ‘Diplomacy, Trade and the Quest for the Buddha’s Tooth’, in Clunas and Harrison-Hall (eds), Ming China: Courts and Contacts 1400–1450, p. 35. Sen接受《嘉興大藏經》(永樂帝死後不久所編纂的)當中一處注腳的說法,但這個段落直到一六七六年《嘉興大藏經》問世之後才有出現,過往的版本都沒有。我研究一番之後,很開心得知Edward Dreyer也發現這個佛牙故事是假的;見氏著,Zheng He, p. 69.
    ●第五世噶瑪巴喇嘛拜訪南京一事,見Patricia Berger, ‘Miracles in Nanjing: An Imperial Record of the Fifth Karmapa’s Visit to the Chinese Capital’, in Marsha Weidner (ed.), Cultural Intersections in Later Chinese Buddhism (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2001), pp. 145-69. 關於「『你情我願的幻覺』的延長片刻」,見p. 161.
    ●「看,國王令成三層華美宮殿」:Edward W. Perera, ‘The Age of Srí Parákrama Báhu VI (1412-1467)’, The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, vol. 22, no. 63 (1910), p. 17.
    ●一五九七年那本鄭和小說的完整書名是《三寶太監下西洋通俗演義》。
    ●永樂的界碑包括一四一三年時,以中文、蒙古文與女真文寫的永寧寺碑(位於黑龍江口附近,今藏於符拉迪沃斯托克[Vladivostok]的阿爾謝涅夫博物館[Arsenyev Museum]),以及安多兩間佛寺中的中文、藏文雙語石碑,製作年代分別為一四○八年與一四一八年。永樂石碑的簡要說明,見Aurelia Campbell, Architecture and Empire in the Reign of Yongle, 1402–1424 (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, forthcoming), pp. 6-7, 264, 273-8; 並見Johannes Lotze, ‘Mongol Legacy, Language Policy, and the Early Ming World Order, 1368-1453’, PhD diss., University of Manchester, 2016, ch. 3. 葡萄牙人的發現碑,以及跟中國工匠可能的關聯,見Michael Keevak, ‘Failure, Empire, and the First Portuguese Empire’, in Ralf Hertel and Michael Keevak (eds), Early Encounters between East Asia and Europe: Telling Failures (Abingdon: Routledge, 2017), pp. 175-6.
    ●迦勒的阿拉伯商人:Xavier de Planhol, L’Islam et la mer: la mosquée et le matelot, VIIe–XXe siècle (Paris: Perrin, 2000), p. 98.
    ●「及臨外邦」:一四三一年長樂石碑碑文的譯文,見Dreyer, Zheng He, pp. 195-9.
    第五章
    ●關於巴圖蒙克,見《明孝宗實錄》,14.13a-b。他的傳記(以他的頭銜「達延汗」為條目名稱)可以在Christopher Atwood, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (New York: Facts on File, 2004), p. 138找到。
    ●關於崔溥的引文,我是以意譯的方式,改寫自John Meskill的優秀譯文Ch’oe Pu’s Diary: A Record of Drifting across the Sea (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1965). 關於中文原文,我參考的是Pak Wŏn-ho, P’yohaerok [Record of Drifting across the Sea] (Seoul: Korea University Press, 2006)的最新譯本。
    ●「天若開霽」:Meskill, Ch’oe Pu’s Diary, p. 37; Pak, P’yohaerok, p. 356.
    ●「你以倭人登劫此處,何也?」:Meskill, Ch’oe Pu’s Diary, p. 55; Pak, P’yohaerok, p. 370.
    ●「天子亦拜於列國之臣乎?」:Meskill, Ch’oe Pu’s Diary, p. 115; Pak, P’yohaerok, p. 422.
    ●關於官方希望外國使節五天內交易完成的規定:〈問刑條例〉,引自懷效鋒編,《大明律》(北京:法律出版社,一九九九年),頁386。
    ●關於崔溥的儒家普世思想,見Sixiang Wang, ‘Co-Constructing Empire in Early Chosŏn Korea: Knowledge Production and the Culture of Diplomacy, 1392-1592’, PhD diss., Columbia University, 2015, pp. 153-9.
    ●崔溥重申他來中國與國家事務無關:Meskill, Ch’oe Pu’s Diary, p. 125; Pak, P’yohaerok, p. 432. 關於遣送遭遇船難的朝鮮人,見Kenneth Robinson, ‘Centering the King of Chosŏn: Aspects of Korean Maritime Diplomacy, 1392-1592’, Journal of Asian Studies 59:1 (February 2000), pp. 109-25.
    ●「緣繫處置遭風外夷歸國」:Meskill, Ch’oe Pu’s Diary, p. 131; Pak, P’yohaerok, p. 436.
    ●崔溥跟戒勉的交談:Meskill, Ch’oe Pu’s Diary, p. 146; Pak, P’yohaerok, p. 453.
    ●丘濬的傳記載於《瓊州府志》(一六一九年),10b.9a-17a. 英文的丘濬傳記,見Chi-hua Wu and Ray Huang, ‘Ch’iu Chün’, in L. Carrington Goodrich and Chao-Ying Fang (eds), Dictionary of Ming Biography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 249-52.
    ●丘濬《大學衍義補》的字句,取自一四八八年版,132.15b-16b;143.1b-19b;144.2a–b、8a–9a;145.2b。謝謝Leo Shin讓我使用他的第一百四十三章英譯文。
    ●「朝鮮恭順朝廷」:丘濬,《大學衍義補》,145.21a。
    ●關於蒙古—大明間的馬匹貿易,見Frederick Mote and Denis Twitchett (eds), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 264-8, 317-19; 關於土木堡之變,見pp. 322-5.
    ●老王與馬商之間的對話,改寫與修訂自Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer, Grammatical Analysis of the ‘Lao Ch’i-ta’ (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1983), pp. 305-25, 407-25. 該書提到順承門(蒙古人主張他們征服中國時,是順承上天的旨意),也就是北京買賣牲畜地點的時候,使用誤字,寫作「順城」,顯現新版本問世的時間,比這座城門在一四四○年代改名為「宣武門」的時間早了好幾十年。時間之長,足以讓正確的字在民眾的記憶中消失。關於城門改名一事,見孫承澤,《天府廣記》(北京:北京古籍出版社,1983年),頁41;並見談遷,《棗林雜俎》(濟南:齊魯書社,1997年),頁575。
    ●「你這幾個火伴的模樣,又不是漢兒」:Dyer, Grammatical Analysis, p. 371.
    ●「僕一遠人也」:Meskill, Ch’oe Pu’s Diary, p. 65; Pak, P’yohaerok, p. 377.
    ●「大哥,我們回去也」:Dyer, Grammatical Analysis, pp. 493-5.
    第六章
    ●本章有部分出現在‘Trade and Conflict in the South China Sea: China and Portugal, 1514-1523’, in Lucia Coppolaro and Francine Mckenzie (eds), A Global History of Trade and Conflict since 1500 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 20-37.
    ●關於安篤拉篤來到中國一事,見T’ien-tsê Chang, Sino–Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources (Leiden: Brill, 1933), pp. 32-68. 關於皮萊資前往大明朝廷的失敗任務,Nigel Cameron, Barbarians and Mandarins: Thirteen Centuries of Western Travelers in China (Tokyo: Weatherhill, 1970), pp. 131-48有很精彩的敘述。
    ●馬努埃爾一世的訓令:Chang, Sino–Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644, p. 33.
    ●在滿剌加聽到八十四種語言:引自James Fujitani, ‘The Ming Rejection of the Portuguese Embassy of 1517: A Reassessment’, Journal of World History 27:1 (March 2016), p. 90.
    ●關於正德皇帝的海上政策,見鄭永常,《來自海洋的挑戰:明代海貿政策演變研究》(臺北縣:稻鄉出版社,2004年),頁113-114。
    ●關於熊宣與畢真,見《明武宗實錄》,48.1b-2a(一五○九年三月二十三日)、65.8b-9a(一五一○年九月一日)。一部分的《明武宗實錄》譯文,我引用自(並以意譯方式調整)Geoff Wade, trans., Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource, accessed between 4 and 15 June 2018. 大部分的中文原文也可以在趙令揚等編,《明實錄中東南亞史料》(香港:學津出版社,1976),頁475-494找到。Chang, Sino–Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644, p. 31也有提到部分歷史。
    ●關於吳廷舉,見《明武宗實錄》,113.2a(一五一四年六月二十七日)、149.9b(一五一七年六月十五日)、194.2b(一五二一年一月十三日);趙令揚等編,《明實錄中東南亞史料》,頁479;《順德縣志》(一八五三年),21.3b-4b;《廣東通志》,7.23b、25a、36b;張廷玉,《明史》,頁5309-5311、8221、8430。這些史料的時間彼此有所衝突,對於想重建吳廷舉生平的人來說相當棘手。
    ●「奉行之人因循未止」:張廷玉,《明史》,頁5310。
    ●「後以中人鎮守,利其入」:《明武宗實錄》,123.4b(一五一五年五月二日)。
    ●潘忠:《廣東通志》(一八五三年),7.19b;張廷玉,《明史》,頁5309。在本章提到的幾次事件之後,吳廷舉再度於一五二二年的南京地區,起身反抗另一位強大的宦官(《明史》,頁5310)。
    ●「明代中國在活力與進取心上遠遠不及宋代中國」:Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987), pp. 7-8.
    ●「廷舉之罪也」:《明武宗實錄》,149.9a-b(一五一七年六月十五日)。
    ●「土賊猶可,土兵殺我」:張廷玉,《明史》,頁4962。
    ●「無本國文書」:《明武宗實錄》,158.2a-b(一五一八年二月十一日)。
    ●正德帝未回應兵部希望他下驅逐令的請求:《明武宗實錄》,191.1b-2a 一五二○年十月二十三日)。
    ●張天澤談西眇:Chang, Sino–Portuguese Trade, p. 47.
    ●「請卻其貢獻」:《明武宗實錄》,194.2b(一五二一年一月十三日)。這一段與接下來一段(包括一些評論)的譯文,皆來自Chang, Sino–Portuguese Trade, pp. 51–2.
    ●丘道隆擔任順德知縣:《順德縣志》(一八五三年),頁21.5a。禮部的回覆也支持邱道隆:《明武宗實錄》194.3a(一五二一年一月十三日)。
    ●關於正德—嘉靖繼承時期的政局,Brook, The Troubled Empire, pp. 98-100有簡短說明。
    ●「亟逐之」:《明熹宗實錄》,4.27b(一五二一年八月三十一日)。關於葡萄牙人在廣州刺探,見Chang, Sino–Portuguese Trade, p. 44; 關於阿方索的要求,見p. 58.
    ●隔年的《明熹宗實錄》,出現由中國一方所寫,與葡萄牙人衝突的紀錄,皇帝同意將戰鬥中俘虜的葡萄牙人處死;《明熹宗實錄》,24.8a-b(一五二三年四月六日)。
    ●新總督在一五二九年主張開放貿易:《明熹宗實錄》,106.5a(一五二九年十一月七日);Chang, Sino–Portuguese Trade, pp. 73-4.
    ●關於葡萄牙人對海上貿易的獨占,見C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825 (New York: Knopf, 1969), pp. 48, 60-62.
    ●關於何儒,見《明熹宗實錄》,38.13a-b(一五二四年五月十五日)、154.7b-8a(一五三三年十月七日)。何儒受破格拔擢至南京擔任主簿,很可能跟情勢的發展有關,作為他繳獲大炮的獎勵。一五三三年,何儒再度破格晉升,從不入品秩的主簿,到北京擔任入品的縣丞。
    ●滿剌加三害:張燮,《東西洋考》(北京:中華書局,1981年),頁67。
    ●「懷抱一種斟酌過的自尊」:Cameron, Barbarians and Mandarins, pp. 129, 131. 我此時把Cameron點出來其實不太公平。他是認真想讓讀者了解中西關係的中國一側,當書出版時,我也從其中的內容學到不少。他的華麗筆調單純只是為了符合一九七○年時大眾媒體的修辭習慣。
    第七章
    ●這張萬丹地圖是范多特坎為了范林斯霍滕的旅遊書《印度遊記》(一五九六年出版)而製作。
    ●史考特的字句,引自氏著,An Exact Discourse of the Subtilties, Fashions, Pollicies, Religion, and Ceremonies of the East Indians (London: Walter Burre, 1606); 縱火事件起於p. E1。我把他的老式語法改得較新,並且根據現在的拼字法修正他的拼寫。Hakluyt Society重印史考特的書,收入The Voyage of Sir Henry Middleton to the Moluccas, 1604–1606 (London, 1943), pp. 81-176, 但那個版本並不完整。史考特離開萬丹之後的生平資料非常簡略。
    ●Michael Neill, Putting History to the Question: Power, Politics, and Society in English Renaissance Drama (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 300主張史考特發表這本書,「是幫公司的目標打廣告」,但有鑑於他返國後與EIC陷入漫長的爭執,我認為他之所以出書,比較可能是為了證明自己對公司的付出,而他並沒有獲得應有的回報。雙方的問題後來想必獲得解決,因為史考特接著在一六一○年代升任為公司審計,之後他就從文獻中消失了。在一份資料中,史考特與安妮斯.洛斯(Agnes Losse)列為安.史考特(Anne scott)的雙親。安.史考特於一六○九年生於雷丁,死於麻薩諸塞州巴恩斯特布爾(Barnstable),但我無法判斷這位史考特是不是我們所指的那位。
    ●Romain Bertrand, L’Histoire à parts égales: récites d’une rencontre Orient–Occient (Paris: Seuil, 2011)把這段期間的萬丹處理得最好。關於萬丹的政治環境,見Claude Guillot, ‘Une Saison en enfer: Scott à Banten, 1603-1605’, in Denys Lombard and Roderich Ptak (eds), Asia Maritima: Images et réalité 1200–1800 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994), p. 34. 關於爪哇的中國社群(特別是一六○四年之後),見Marie-Sybile de Vienne, Les Chinois en Insulinde: Échanges et sociétés marchandes au XVIIe siècle d’après les sources de la V.O.C. (Paris: Les Indes savanates, 2008). 關於考古遺跡,見Halwany Michrob, ‘A Hypothetical Reconstruction of the Islamic City of Banten, Indonesia’, M.A. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1987, pp. 110-40.
    ●一六○○年代,萬丹在中國的南海貿易網路中扮演關鍵節點的角色,這一點反應在《塞爾登地圖》(Selden Map)——我的主張是,這張非凡的中文海圖就是在萬丹繪製的,時間大約是一六○八年;見我的Mr Selden’s Map of China: The Spice Trade, a Lost Chart and the South China Sea (London: Profile, 2013), pp. 169-73.
    ●「今聚澳中者,聞可萬家」:王臨亨,《粵劍編》(北京:中華書局,1987年),頁91-93。王臨亨的證言相當費解,因為我找不到任何中文史料提到他曾在廣州當官。
    ●「無論他在夜裡於自己的屋舍中執住誰」:引自Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes (Glasgow: Maclehose, 1905), vol. 2, p. 431; repr. in The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster (London: Hakluyt Society, 1940), p. 115.
    ●「立刻根據貴國法律加以懲罰」:引自Adam Clulow and Tristan Mostert (eds), The Dutch and English East India Companies: Early Modern Asia at the Centre of the Global Economy (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press, 2018), ch. 8, n. 36.
    ●關於法律在殖民世界的創造中所發揮的影響力,見Lauren Benton, The Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), esp. pp. 3-8, 24-7. 我不同意Michael Neill的看法(Putting History to the Question, p. 279),他認為史考特堅持治外法權。我認為他只是重視發展法律根據,甚於萬丹宮廷。
    ●教宗額我略十世寫給忽必烈汗的信:Polo, The Travels, p. 39.
    ●關於一六○三年的馬尼拉大屠殺,見José Eugenio Borao, ‘The Massacre of 1603: Chinese Perception of the Spanish on the Philippines’, Itinerario 23:1 (1998), pp. 22-39. 一六○五年寫給阿庫尼亞的信,譯文見E. H. Blair and J. A. Robertson (eds), History of the Philippine Islands, vol. 13 (Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark, 1904), pp. 287-91. 關於在中國水域尋覓機會的荷蘭船隻(指揮官為韋麻郎[Wijbrand van Waerwijck]),見張廷玉,《明史》,頁8434-5。
    ●關於范希姆斯克爾克,見Marina van Ittersum, Profit and Principle (Leiden: Brill, 2006), pp. 1-5;並見Peter Borschberg, Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in Asia (Singapore: Nus Press, 2011).
    ●關於聖卡塔琳娜號船貨的爭議:Hugo Grotius, Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, ed. Marina van Ittersum (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2006), p. 540; 關於在澳門遭到殺害的荷蘭人,pp. 279-84; 關於勒梅,pp. 275, 282.
    ●關於以黃金作為交易媒介,見Tomé Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires, ed. Armando Cortesao (London: Hakluyt Society, 1944), p. 170.
    ●金匠遭受刑求一事,以及他在刑求下仍緊守口風,讓許多評論者感到棘手。Stephen Greenblatt在一篇介紹「新歷史主義」概念的論文裡,利用文學分析手法處理史料。他談到這個故事,用來探索歷史主義方法的極限。Greenblatt主張把金匠拒絕開口視為反殖民抵抗的姿態,但是讓今天的我們與一六○六年震驚的事情,卻不是同一件事情。Michael Neill在Putting History to the Question (p. 294)提出自己的觀察,認為這種殘虐場景經常出現在倫敦舞臺上。讓Greenblatt感到難過的是,讀到有人身體受苦,居然會在讀者心中創造某種施虐的愉悅,也因此破壞他對於「想像力為重構過去所必須」的主張。面對這個難題,Greenblatt的遁詞不盡令人滿意——他宣稱,面對這名金匠「出奇、無法想像,還英雄氣慨」的靜默,歷史學家無權「在經過這麼長的時間之後,終於逼迫他開口」。Eric Hayot, The Hypothetical Mandarin: Sympathy, Modernity, and Chinese Pain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 50假設Greenblatt落入刻板印象的窠臼,這名受苦的中國人在史考特下筆時並不存在。Greenblatt因此把這名金匠當成不過是又一個遭到殖民的「東方人」,而非某個知道自己在協議中遭到出賣的人。Richmond Barbour在他的‘“The English Nation at Bantam”: Corporate Process in the East India Company’s First Factory’, Genre 48:2 (July 2015), p. 175接受Greenblatt的施虐癖指控,但把刑求歪曲成「報復」。我認為,此情此景中的暴力,表現史考特對於無法處理其商館事務時,近乎於孤注一擲的心態,而非某種抽象的「報復」或私密的「施虐癖」。
    ●關於這名金匠,我再提最後一點:Neill相信他就是跟保怡一同遭指認為挖掘者的敻天,但史考特並未實際用這個名字稱呼這名金匠。
    第八章
    ●本章提到的利瑪竇(左)與徐光啟(右)雙人肖像,來自Athanasius Kircher, China illustrata (Amsterdam, 1667).
    ●本章若干概念與材料,曾在我的論文‘Europaeology? On the Difficulty of Assembling a Knowledge of Europe in China’, in M. Antoni Ücerler (ed.), Christianity and Cultures: Japan & China in Comparison, 1543–1644 (Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2009), pp. 269-93首次出現。
    ●Edward Kelly, ‘The Anti-Christian Persecution of 1616-1617 in Nanking’ (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1971), pp. 43ff. 呈現南京傳教士遭逮捕一事。南京教案中的主要事件,羅列於Ad Dudink, ‘“Nan gong shu du” (1620), “Po xie ji” (1640), and Western Reports on the Nanjing Persecution (1616/1617)’, Monumenta Serica 48 (2000), pp. 133-265.
    ●徐光啟是Catherine Jami, Pieter Engelfriet and Gregory Blue (eds), Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (Leiden: Brill, 2001)一書的主題;徐光啟的簡要生平,見Ad Dudink, ‘Xu Guangqi’s Career: An Annotated Chronology’, pp. 399-409. 我也仰仗梁家勉,《徐光啟年譜》(上海:上海古籍出版社,1981年)。
    ●「沈宗伯」:Gail King (trans.), ‘The Family letters of Xu Guangqi’, Ming Studies, 31 (1991), pp. 24-5.
    ●沈榷與徐光啟兩人立場相對的奏章,譯文見Edward Kelly, ‘The Anti-Christian Persecution’, pp. 277-82, 294-302; 譯文經過我大幅修改。至於徐光啟的原文,見徐光啟,《徐光啟集》(上海:上海古籍出版社,1984年),頁431-433。
    ●《大明律.禮律.儀制》:Yonglin Jiang (trans.), The Great Ming Code (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2005), p. 117.
    ●「譬有積水於此,不得不通」:徐光啟,《徐光啟集》,頁37。
    ●利瑪竇與徐光啟之間的對話引自《畸人十篇》的第三篇與第四篇,收入朱維錚版的利瑪竇中文著作集結,《利瑪竇中文著譯集》(香港:香港城市大學出版社,2001年),頁515-534。Pasquale d’Elia, ‘Sunto Poetico-Ritmico di I Dieci Paradossi di Matteo Ricci S.I.’, Rivista degli Studi Orientali, 27 (1952), pp. 111-38是最早對《畸人十篇》的研究。這篇論文主要是由周炳謨與王家植為該書所寫的序,以及該書目錄開篇的摘要之譯文為主體。感謝鍾鳴旦寄給我這篇論文的複本給我。利瑪竇是好幾部傳記的主角;Jonathan Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York: Viking, 1984), 以及R. Po-Chia Hsia, A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci, 1552–1610 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)是其中的佼佼者。
    ●「泥羅河之濱有鳥焉」:朱維錚編,《利瑪竇中文著譯集》,頁518。
    ●「西土有兩泉相近」:朱維錚編,《利瑪竇中文著譯集》,頁526。
    ●「實海內冠冕」:引自徐光啟,《徐光啟集》,頁66。
    ●「東西間有通理」:徐光啟為熊三拔《泰西水法》(一六一二年)所寫的序,收入徐光啟,《徐光啟集》,頁67。
    ●「遽云為細作」:Gail King (trans.), ‘The Family Letters of Xu Guangqi’, p. 25.
    ●萬曆帝詔書譯文見Kelly, ‘The Anti-Christian Persecution’, pp. 85-6; 中文原文見《明萬曆實錄》,552.1a-6。
    ●關於沈榷失勢的影響,見Gregory Blue, ‘Xu Guangqi in Europe’, in Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China, pp. 40-41.
    ●北京市場上的耶穌像:劉侗,《帝京景物略》(北京:北京古籍出版社,1980年),頁166。
    第九章
    ●本章所提到的崇禎皇帝自縊圖,出現在衛匡國的《韃靼戰紀》(Regni Sinensis à Tartaris tyrannicè evastati depopulatique concinna enarratio) (Amsterdam: Valckenier, 1661), opposite p. 44; it is reproduced courtesy of Ghent University library.
    ●董含的災異紀錄收入氏著,《蓴鄉贅筆》(一六七八年),重印於《說鈴》(一七九九年),序、1.2b、7a-8a、9a-11b、26b-27a。董含後來把這本書收入自己的著作集《三岡識略》,重印於《四庫未收集刊》(北京:北京出版社,2000年),第29冊。關於更多江南陷落的故事,見Lynn Struve, Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers’ Jaws (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993).
    ●陳其德的桐鄉災變描述,收入氏著,《垂訓樸語》,16a-20a;重印版收入《桐鄉縣志》(一八八七年),20.8a-10a。
    ●從一六四○年的乾旱到一六四一年的蝗害,一連串的災害資料,採自《曹州志》(一六七四年),19.20b-21a,來自山東省的報告。
    ●關於這起全球氣候危機的整體情況,見Geoffrey Parker, Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012); pp. 83-5, 287, 294, 333與617提到歐洲城市爆發瘟疫。
    ●「西瓜瘟」:徐樹丕,《識小錄》,4.9a-b(並見4.26b-27a),重印於《涵芬樓秘笈》(上海:商務印書館,1916年),第一部第八集。關於北方的「瘟」,見胡文燁,《雲中郡志》(一六五二年),12.20a。
    ●吳有性對於江蘇當地的「瘟」做的研究,在Marta Hanson, Speaking of Epidemics: Disease and the Geographic Imagination in Late Imperial China (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), pp. 96-102有詳盡的探討;我修改她的部分譯文,純粹是出於文學理由。
    ●「病者先於腋下股間生核」:引自Helen Dunstan, ‘The Late Ming Epidemics: A Preliminary Survey’, Ch’ing-shih Wen-t’i 3:3 (November 1975), pp. 19-20. 後來有一份對華北更為徹底的研究,把這些爆發跟鼠疫連結起來,見曹樹基,〈鼠疫流行與華北社會的變遷〉,《歷史研究》(1997:1),頁17-32。
    ●祁彪佳的日記發表為《祁忠敏公日記》(紹興:紹興縣修志委員會,1937年)。我主要仰仗者為他的《甲申日記》(一六四四年日記)。關於祁彪佳在一六四四年饑荒期間的慈善活動,見Joanna Handlin Smith, The Art of Doing Good: Charity in Late Ming China (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009).
    ●史可法說福王擔任皇帝的「七不可」,羅列於黃宗羲編,《弘光實錄》,重印於氏著《黃宗羲全集》(杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1986年)第二冊,頁3。
    ●Frederic Wakeman Jr, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985), vol. 1, pp. 403-11探討左懋第的求和使團。
    ●祁彪佳生命的最後幾天,記錄在《乙酉日記》(一六四五年日記),收入氏著,《祁忠敏公日記》。最後一天的日記——七月二十四日,在頁23b。
    ●關於松江陷落,見Wakeman, The Great Enterprise, vol. 1, pp. 671-2.
    ●闖王祖墳遭掘:董含,《蓴鄉贅筆》,1.2b-3a。
    ●「是誰之咎與」:董含,《蓴鄉贅筆》,2.15a-b。
    第十章
    ●本章有部分是由我先前的論文‘Tibet and the Chinese World-Empire’, in Stephen Streeter et al. (eds), Empires and Autonomy: Moments in the History of Globalization (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2009), pp. 24-40發展而來。
    ●中藏關係史,見Elliot Sperling, ‘Early Ming Policy toward Tibet: An Examination of the Proposition that the Early Ming Emperors Adopted a “Divide and Rule” Policy toward Tibet’, PhD diss., Indiana University, 1983; Zahiruddin Ahmad, Sino–Tibetan Relations in the Seventeenth Century (Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1970); 以及Luciano Petech, China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century (Leiden: Brill, 1950).
    ●關於達賴喇嘛在滿藏關係中的影響力,近年來的研究有Peter Schwieger, The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China: A Political History of the Tibetan Institution of Reincarnation (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015).
    ●關於第五世達賴喇嘛前往北京之行,見Gray Tuttle, ‘A Tibetan Buddhist Mission to the East: The Fifth Dalai Lama’s Journey to Beijing, 1652-1653’, in Brian Cuevas and Kurtis Schaeffer (eds), Power, Politics, and the Reinvention of Tradition: Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Leiden: Brill, 2006), pp. 65–87.
    ●關於胤禎跟達賴喇嘛的會面,是根據胤禎在兩天後回報父親康熙皇帝的信來重建的;收入《康熙滿文朱批奏摺全譯》(北京:中國社會科學出版社,1996年),doc. #3366。由於胤禎的名字跟他哥哥的名字發音一模一樣,因此當兄長登基成為雍正皇帝時,胤禎必須改名為允禔,以避皇帝的名諱。胤禎亦稱「恂郡王」,這是後來乾隆皇帝封給他的。
    ●「可保常無事乎?」:《清聖祖實錄》,259:4b;引自顧祖成編,《明清治藏史要》(拉薩:西藏人民出版社,1999年),頁136。
    ●關於西寧至拉薩的距離,見楊應琚,《西寧府新志》(西寧:青海人民出版社,1988年),頁564;William Rockhill, ‘Tibet: A Geographical, Ethnographical, and Historical Sketch’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (January 1891), pp. 101, 106.我是從Rockhill在pp. 33, 40, 45, 54, 64與69提供的數字,來估算四川到拉薩的距離。
    ●引用的戴西德利字句,見An Account of Tibet, pp. 168, 171. 關於戴西德利,見Sven Hedin, Southern Tibet, 1906–1908 (Stockholm: Lithographic Institute of the General Staff of the Swedish Army, 1917), 1:278-9, 3:10-14. 戴西德利的紀錄堪稱「歷來以西藏為題最優秀也最可靠的之一」(1:279),而他更是一個「目光銳利而謹慎的觀察家」(3:14),但Petech便在Selected Papers on Asian History (Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1988), pp. 218-19提到他的政治觀察很不可靠;並見氏著,China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century, pp. 50, 54.
    ●「一矢未失」:來自滿人將領Xiluntu所寫的碑文,重印於張羽新編,《清政府與喇嘛教》(拉薩:西藏人民出版社,1988年),頁290。
    ●「策淩敦多布等,員散食絕,力竭勢窮,狼奔鼠竄」:噶爾弼,〈平定西藏碑文〉,收入張羽新編,《清政府與喇嘛教》(拉薩:西藏人民出版社,1988年),頁290。戴西德利以為策淩敦多布死於敗逃,但他其實返回準噶爾了。幾年後,一名出使準噶爾的俄國使節發現策淩敦多布成為強大的準噶爾領袖——與派他進藏的表哥策妄阿喇布坦關係不睦;Petech, China and Tibet, 34, n. 4. 關於大清征服中亞的整體環境背景,見Peter Perdue, China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
    ●「這一仗血腥至極」:Louis Schram, quoted in Warren W. Smith Jr, Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino–Tibetan Relations (Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1996), p. 125.
    ●關於大清在一七二八年發動的軍事行動,見Shu-hui Wu, ‘How the Qing Army Entered Tibet in 1728 after the Tibetan Civil War’, Zentrale-Asiatische Studien 26 (1996), pp. 122-38.
    ●「今歸我版圖」:楊應琚,《西寧府新志》,頁54、122、385-386。
    ●「統御青海百姓」:松巴堪布於一七八六年寫的青海歷史,英譯文見Ho-chin Yang, The Annals of Kokonor (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1969); 尤其是pp. 29, 37-54. 松巴堪布生平見S. C. Das, ‘Life of Sum-pa Khan-Po’, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 58:1, no. 2 (1889), pp. 37-9.
    ●「外國占領」:Dalai Lama XIV, The Spirit of Tibet: Universal Heritage, ed. A. A. Shiromany (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1995), p. 135.
    第十一章
    ●孔斯當一八三五年死後,把他大量的手稿、信件與筆記遺贈給日內瓦圖書館。經過分類之後,成為Archives de la famille de Constant (Geneva: Odysée, 2016). 研究孔斯當最透徹者有Louis Demigny (ed.), Les Mémoires de Charles de Constant sur le commerce à la Chine (Paris: SEVPEN, 1964), 以及Marie-Sybille de Vienne, La Chine au déclin des lumières: L’expérience de Charles de Constant, négotiante des loges de Canton (Paris: Honoré Champion, 2004). Demigny發表他的孔斯當研究那一年,也出版談廣州貿易的權威性三卷本La Chine et l’Occident: Le commerce à Canton au XVIIIe siècle, 1719–1833 (Paris: SEVPEN, 1964). 我也仰仗出版為Terres de Chine: Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes, 1789–1790: 11 lettres commentées (Montélimar: Armine-Ediculture, 1998)的孔斯當信件式日記。這些日記最早發表在Philippe de Vargas (ed.), Récit de trois voyages à la Chine, 1779–1793 (Peking, 1939).
    ●關於廣州一口通商體系,見Paul Van Dyke, The Canton Trade: Life and Enterprise on the China Coast, 1700–1845 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005). 同一位作者在他的論文‘The Hume Scroll of 1772 and the Faces behind the Canton Factories’, Revista de Cultura 54 (2017), especially pp. 84-8,提供實用的十三行歷史。
    ●「Euhun Sang」是香山的粵語發音。一九二五年,也就是孫逸仙過世那一年,香山更名為中山,以紀念出身當地的他。孫逸仙有個日本名字——中山,是他三十多歲時在日本尋求政治庇護,所使用的假名;在今日華人之間最出名的,也是這個名字。
    ●「前往東印度群島去追求我自己的事業」:引自Hugh Popham, A Damned Cunning Fellow: The Eventful Life of Rear-Admiral Sir Home Popham (Tywardreath: Old Ferry Press, 1991), pp. 29-30.
    ●「回到我在少年時度過最美好歲月的國度」:Terres de Chine, pp. 25, 26.
    ●「我又回到自己的牢房了」:Mémoires, p. 53.
    ●「我有個專為我做事的僕人」:Mémoires, p. 49.
    ●「這名僕人以前為我做過事」:Terres de Chine, p. 26.
    ●「葡萄牙人認為」:Terres de Chine, p. 75. 若瑟法與巴哈德在Vienne, La Chine au déclin des lumières, pp. 70, 72有提到。
    ●「立面不寬」:Terres de Chine, p. 38.
    ●「離開歐洲人常去的區域」:Terres de Chine, p. 45.
    ●「中國的皇帝有條不紊」:Kent Guy, Qing Governors and their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644–1796 (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2017), pp. 321-3.
    ●一七八四年蓋爾伯與穆騰額對話的逐字稿,以附錄形式收入Mémoires, pp. 449-53.
    ●「這位大人什麼都沒拒絕,但也什麼都沒接受」:Mémoires, p. 425.
    ●孔斯當談休斯小姐號事件:Mémoires, pp. 420-21; 並見p. 398. Demigny提到一份史料,認為史密斯說不定是菲律賓人。
    ●「對於來到中國的歐洲人而言」:Terres de Chine, p. 35.
    ●「這傢伙沒有好奇心」:Terres de Chine, pp. 77-8.
    ●孔斯當在‘Quelques idées sur l’ambassade du Lord Maccarteney à la Chine’[〈散論馬戛爾尼勛爵訪中國使團〉]一文表達他對馬戛爾尼使團的看法,該文收入在Mémoires, pp. 413-31.
    ●馬戛爾尼交給總督的請求清單:Macartney to the EIC, 22 January 1794, ‘Entry Book of Letters Written by Lord Macartney in China to the East India Company’, Morrison Collection MS40, Toyo Bunko, Tokyo.
    ●「性格溫和、討喜、好相處」:Mémoires, p. 75, n. 2.
    ●孔斯當談鴉片的文章:Mémoires, pp. 204-7.
    ●上訴委員會就戰利品進行的判決,引自Popham’s appeal of 24 October 1803, in The Naval Chronicle for 1808, vol. 19 (London, 1808), pp. 315-16.
    ●石中和以其父的名字出現在法庭紀錄中,作為其商行名。關於石中和,見Kuo-Tung Chen, The Insolvency of the Chinese Hong Merchants, 1760–1843 (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1990), pp. 298-306. 感謝范岱克讓我注意到這本書以及其他對廣州貿易的研究。關於用英鎊計算的金額,我是把銀條先以五比七的匯率換算成西班牙銀元,再以五比一的匯率將西班牙銀元換為英鎊。
    ●Jane Austen, ‘On Sir Home Popham’s Sentence’, in David Selwyn (ed.), The Poetry of Jane Austen and the Austen Family (Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1997), p. 7.
    ●近年來葛羅澤版畫的拍賣:Galerie Bassange, Berlin, 28 November 2013; Bloomsbury Auction House, London, 2014; Chiswick Auctions, London, 13 October 2015.
    第十二章
    ●普列斯的文件歸檔於FO 562/1-2, National Archives, Kew: telegram from Hopkins to Kirke, 4 November 1906; telegram from Kirke to Hopkins, 4 November 1906; letter from Hopkins to Kirke, 21 November 1906; undated inventory of the personal effects of Henry John Pless; letter from Consulate-General, Shanghai, to Vice-Consul, Peking, 29 December 1906; letter from British Consulate, Amsterdam, to Vice-Consul, Peking, 13 April 1907.
    ●與十九世紀中國勞工輸出有關的文件,可以在Irish University Press Area Studies (ed.), British Parliamentary Papers: China, vol. 4: Correspondence and Returns Respecting the Emigration of Chinese Coolies, 1854–92 (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1971)找到。
    ●關於十九世紀苦力人數大增,見Harley Farnsworth MacNair, The Chinese Abroad, Their Position and Protection: A Study in International Law and Relations (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1926), pp. 212-35. 關於川斯瓦運用中國勞力,見Persia Crawford Campbell, Chinese Coolie Emigration to Countries within the British Empire (New York: Negro Universities Press, 1923), pp. 161-216. 關於招募中國人擔任礦工,見Norman Levy, The Foundations of the South African Cheap Labour System (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982), chs 13-14, 與Peter Richardson, Chinese Mine Labour in the Transvaal (London: Macmillan, 1982), ch. 3. 中國礦工在南非的最新研究(而且把這個議題放在更廣泛的視野下)是Rachel Bright, Chinese Labour in South Africa, 1902–10: Race, Violence, and Global Spectacle (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
    ●William Martin談奴役:W. A. P. Martin, A Cycle of Cathay; or China South and North, with Personal Reminiscences (Edinburgh: Oliphant, 1896), p. 383.
    ●關於庚子拳亂以來的反華漫畫,見Frederic Sharf and Peter Harrington, The Boxer Rebellion: China, 1900: The Artists’ Perspective (London: Greenhill Books, 2000), 與Jane Elliott, Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2002).
    ●兩先令的薪水,是Dr MacNamara在下議院辯論摘要中提到的,見23 February 1906 in The Times.
    ●「縱使並無如此指控的跡象存在」:‘Mr. Lyttelton and Chinese Labour’, The Times (27 September 1905), p. 6.
    ●「不久後,我們的國家將落入外邊黑暗」:‘Savoring of Slavery’s Days’, The Morning Leader (4 October 1905), p. 1.
    ●‘Outrages on the Rand’, The Morning Leader (6 September 1905), p. 1. Frank C. Boland, ‘The Price of Gold’, The Morning Leader (6 September 1905), p. 1.
    ●Frank C. Boland, ‘More horrors by Yellow Serfs’, The Morning Leader (2 October 1905), p. 1.
    ●Frank C. Boland, ‘Chinese Outrages’, The Morning Leader (16 October 1905), p. 1. 同一版更下方,這家報社還刊登了一篇短文,〈蘭特的非法鴉片交易〉(Opium Traffic on the Rand),用來提醒讀者,中國人可能會帶來什麼犯罪問題。
    ●甘地對於中國礦工的社論,收入E. S. Reddy, ‘Gandhi and the Chinese in South Africa’, Occasional Paper of the National Gandhi Museum (New Delhi, 2016), p. 19. 他談印度勞工的社論,‘Indentured Indians in Natal’,刊登Indian Opinion 3:31 (5 August 1905), p. 1.
    ●麥卡錫的證詞,刊登在一九○六年一月二十日的週刊版《川斯瓦主導報》;證詞的結尾是一封來自北京副領事發給北京荷蘭公使館的信,一九○七年七月九日;FO 562/1.
    ●普列斯曾在海關服務的紀錄:‘Memo of Service, Chinese Maritime Customs, Revenue Department, Foreign Staff, Outdoor: Harry John Pless’: Chinese Customs Archives, Number Two historical Archives, Nanjing. 關於「外場」職員在海關的職涯發展,見John Pal, Shanghai Saga (London: Jarrolds, 1963), p. 57, 與Robert Bickers, Empire Made Me: An Englishman Adrift in Shanghai (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p. 8.
    ●關於一九○六年大選中的中國苦力議題,見A. K. Russell, Liberal Landslide: The General Election of 1906 (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1973), pp. 64-9, 78, 102-–8, 126, 196-8.
    ●「近代資本體制開始把勞力從甲地移到乙地的第一次嘗試」引自《倫敦時報》在選舉進行到第八天時的報導。
    ●張伯倫指控邱吉爾:《倫敦時報》 (23 February 1906), p. 5. 一週後,張伯倫被迫撤回指控,但他還是堅持有「假中國人」出現在其他選區,還有「上了鐐銬的中國人」的海報。「我意識到,對於你的選區中有關中國勞工議題的說法,我是受了誤導,你的選區也沒有假中國人參與遊行,但他們確實出現在附近的幾個選區。關於前述的海報,奇坦丘路(Cheetham Hill Road)保守黨俱樂部(Conservative Club)的榮譽主席吉彭斯先生(Mr Gibbons)表示,有一張大海報,上面畫了一大群上了鐐銬的中國人,貼在奇坦的塔樓自由俱樂部(Tower Liberal Club)外,奇坦丘路上的會議廳亦然」;引自Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), vol. 2, pp. 167-8.
    ●傑米森與巴恩斯在一九○六年的信件:James Stewart Lockhart Papers, ACC 4138/1/k (Miscellaneous Letters, mainly 1900-1911), Scottish National Library.
    ●雞姦的報告:Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, p. 184.
    ●「玩時間差的把戲」:見Timothy Brook, Jérôme Bourgon and Gregory Blue, Death by a Thousand Cuts (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 25–7.
    ●梅森的中國人受刑圖片,見氏著,The Punishments of China, Illustrated by Twenty-Two Engravings (London: William Miller, 1801).
    ●福朱力遭到處死的照片(以及明信片)可在網站‘Chinese Torture/Supplice Chinois’, at 029.xhtml找到。
    ●邱吉爾在國會中表示「根據現有證據,當局並無發起調查之根據」等語:《倫敦時報》 (24 February 1906), p. 5.
    ●「查凌遲之刑,唐以前並無此名目」:引自Brook, Bourgon and Blue, Death by a Thousand Cuts, p. 89.
    第十三章
    ●這一章不會直接探討日本入侵中國受害的人,雖然這對於了解民眾對梁鴻志等人物的反感很有幫助。關於苦難的情況,見Diana Lary, The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937–1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 整體政治與軍事情勢,見Hans van de Ven, China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of New China (London: Profile, 2017).
    ●「為了生存」:Takaishi Shingorō, Japan Speaks Out (Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1938), pp. 9, 41.
    ●「日本政府的基本方略」:Hirota Kōki, quoted in The Truth behind the Sino–Japanese Crisis (Tokyo: Japan Times & Mail, 1937).
    ●「二流騙徒,在每一種情境中盡其所能地撈」:黎格斯看法出現在Albert Stewart的日記中,重印於Kaiyuan Zhang, Eyewitnesses to Massacre: American Missionaries Bear Witness to Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001), p. 322.
    ●關於尾崎秀實的看法,見John Boyle, China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1972), pp. 192-3.
    ●《處理漢奸案件條例》見朱金元、陳祖恩,《汪偽受審紀實》(杭州:浙江人民出版社,1988年),頁145-148,以及南京市檔案館編,《審問汪偽漢奸筆錄》(南京:江蘇古籍出版社,1992年),第二冊,頁1490-1494。
    ●梁鴻志審判過程的重建,我根據的是一九四六年七月六日的上海報紙《申報》與《文匯報》。重新開庭之後的部分逐字稿,見七月十五日的《申報》。完整的審判逐字稿,出自國防部史政編譯局檔案,010.20/1208與013.11/2110。感謝羅久蓉提供她從這些檔案中作的筆記。
    ●關於上海高等法院審判權限,見Timothy Brook, ‘The Shanghai Trials, 1946: Conjuring Justice’, in Academia Historica (ed.), Postwar Changes and War Memories (Taipei:
    Academia Historica, 2015), pp. 127–55.
    ●關於帕爾的「不對等的司法」,見Timothy Brook, ‘The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking’, Journal of Asian Studies 60:3 (August 2001), p. 695.
    ●關於「戰後」的概念,見Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York: Penguin, 2005).
    尾聲
    ●本章起頭提到的那章半球地圖,出現在十九世紀一幅長卷軸畫的卷頭(當時大清仍是世界上積極發展之處),描繪的是中國的海岸,標題為《海防圖》;Harvard-Yenching Library, Cambridge, MA. 這個地圖有許多版本存世。
    ●關於中國為了侵犯敘利亞的「司法主權」,而在安理會中投下否決票,維護敘利亞,見安理會第七一八○號會議,對於起草決議文,將敘利亞送交國際刑事法庭(International Criminal Court)的討論(二○一四年五月二十二日):https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11407.doc.htm. 關於在二○一七年十一月與二○一八年四月中國拒絕支持判定使用化學武器責任歸屬的決議文,見https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/04/1006991https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc13072.doc.htm;all documents retrieved 15 August 2018.
    ●維基解密對於臺灣付錢給諾魯官員的報導:Philip Dorling, ‘Nauru Officials’ “Friendly Payoffs”’, Sydney Morning Herald (29 August 2011).
    ●「對中國和臺灣來說,沒有哪個國家微不足道到它們不會為之爭吵」:Lindsey Hilsum, ‘Why Beijing Cares about Tiny Nauru’, New Statesman (20 September 2007).
    ●在新疆遭到拘留的穆斯林,估計人數取自Adrian Zenz, ‘New Evidence for China’s Political Re-education Campaign in Xinjiang’, China Brief 10:18 (May 2018). 關於這個議題的深入探討,見Nathan Vanderklippe, ‘UBC Student Uses Satellite Images to Track Suspected Chinese Re-education Centres Where Uyghurs Imprisoned’, The Globe and Mail, updated 9 July 2018. Shawn Zhang的發現可以在https://medium.com/@shawnwzhang/list-of-re-education-camps-in-xinjiang-新疆再教育集中營列表-99720372419c找到;accessed 15 August 2018.
    ●「我們已經決定跟他們徹底脫離」:引自Alex Mckay, ‘From Mandala to Modernity: The Breakdown of Imperial Orders’, in Brook et al. (eds), Sacred Mandates, p. 181.
    ●關於「民族自我表述」,見Wang Lixiong and Tsering Shakya, The Struggle for Tibet (London: Verso, 2009), pp. 116, 223, 250.
    ●Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (London: Nelson, 1965).
    ●關於中國投資厄瓜多,見Juan José Lucci, ‘Are China’s Loans to Ecuador a Good Deal? The Case of the Sopladora Hydro Project’, Leadership Academy for Development Case Study, Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University, 2014. 關於原住民對石油業開發的反對,見Dan Collyns, ‘Was This Indigenous Leader Killed Because He Sought to Save Ecuador’s Land?’, The Guardian (2 June 2015). 關於厄瓜多政府的立場,見Joel Parshall, ‘Ecuador Official Makes Case for Foreign Oil Investment’, Journal of Petroleum Technology (12 October 2017). 關於近年來中方在亞馬遜地區的鑽探,見Jonathan Watts, ‘New Round of Oil Drilling Goes Deeper into Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park’, The Guardian (10 January 2018).
    ●關於中國將債務一筆勾銷的做法,見John Hurley, Scott Morris and Gailyn Portelance, ‘Examining the Debt implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective’, Center for Global Development Policy Paper 121, March 2018, Appendix C, pp. 29-32.
    ●關於漢班托塔最新發展的摘要說明,見Maria Abl-Habib, ‘How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough up a Port’, New York Times (25 June 2018).
    ●關於「天下」哲學與國際觀,見Feng Zhang, ‘Confucian Foreign Policy Traditions in Chinese History’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics 8:2 (2015), pp. 197-218.
    ●關於賈里力,見Nathan Vanderklippe, ‘Chinese Official Defends Jailing of Uyghur-Canadian Dissident Huseyin Celil’, The Globe and Mail (31 October 2017).
    ●馬爾地夫等國家的債務負擔:Hurley et al., ‘Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective’, pp. 11-12.
    ●室利瓦丹的看法:引自Dinouk Colombage, ‘The Hambantota Port Declared Open’, Sunday Reader, undated [2010].
    ●「世界秩序結構雙極性的增長」:China and the Age of Strategic Rivalry (Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2018), p. 17.
    ●Owen Lattimore, ‘Satellite Politics: The Mongolian Prototype’, in his Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928–1958 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 297.