索 引

    *索引中所标注的页码为原著页码。——译者注

    A

    &-simplification &-简化,159,160

    Abelson,R.阿贝尔森,176

    Abrahamsen,A.阿布汉森,288,300,308,328,392

    Abramson,A.艾布拉姆森,229

    absolute refractory period 绝对不应期,75

    ACT “思维适应性控制模型(Adaptive Control of Thought)”,223

    action potential 动作电位,75,21

    activation passing rules 激活传递规则,279,304,331,352,368,407,408

    algorithm 算法,6,105,124,125,130,135,139,143,144,149,231-3,251,253,258,264,276,363,367,401,402,407

    defined ~定义,124

    American psychological Association 美国心理学会,38

    analyticity 分析性,268

    Anaxagoras 阿那克萨哥拉,56

    Anderson,J.安德森,35,85,91,102,143,213,223,260,328

    Angell,J.安吉尔,38

    anthropology 人类学,1,2,3,4,7,11

    Arbib,M.阿比布,360,392

    Aristotle 亚里士多德,55,56,331,413

    Armstrong,D.阿姆斯特朗,223

    artificial intelligence 人工智能,3,4,10,107,121-3,139,147,171,176,178,184-6,227,231,233,235,242,266,268,334,342,346,371

    Asanuma,C.浅沼智行,271,359,392

    aspectual shapes 表象形态,242,243,268.see also modes of presentation 亦见呈现模式

    Aspray,W.艾斯普瑞,152

    Association by Similarity 相似联想; see Focalized Recall 见聚焦回忆

    associationism 联结主义,15-20,23,33-8,102,289,335-7,357-8

    associationist principles 联想原则,18-19,22,33,34

    associationist processes 联想过程,18

    downfall of ~的衰落,33

    Atlas,J.阿特拉斯,224

    Atomic representations 原子表征,154

    Augarten,S.奥嘉敦,123,151

    auto associator 自动联结,305

    axons 轴突,15,68-71,73-5,260,289,334

    B

    Babbage,C.巴贝奇,105,251

    Bach,K.巴赫,xvii

    back propagation of error 误差的反向传递,276,283,303,317,329,344,361,366,374; see also delta learning 亦见delta学习

    Bain,A.培因,35,36

    Baker,L.巴克,271

    Ballard 巴拉德,D.,328,363

    Bara,B.巴拉,10

    Barker,J.巴尔克,xvii

    Barr,A.巴尔,122-3,142,152,161-3,165,167,175

    Barsalou,L.巴索罗,10

    Barwise,J.巴维斯,151

    Beakley,B.比克利,36

    Beatty,J.比提,78

    Bechtel,W.柏克德,10,288,300,308,328,336,337,358,392

    Beckermann,A.伯格曼,358

    Behaviorism 行为主义,2,5,10,15,33,35,37-45,48,52-3,139,195,200-1,213,220,231

    Berkeley 贝克莱,17

    Bever,T.贝弗,xvii,224

    binding problem 绑定难题,320,321

    “biological naturalism” 生物自然主义,241

    Bisiach,E.比西阿奇,270

    Blindsight 盲视,238,242

    Block,N.布洛克,4,10,89,102,186,204,207,222,223,226,245,270,271

    Block-world 积木世界;见ShRDLU

    Bobrow,D.博布罗,121,414

    Bocz,A.伯茨,xvii

    Boden,M.博登,10,107,123

    Boolean logic 布尔逻辑,84-5,408

    Boolos,G.布勒斯,151,412

    Boring,E.波林,23,35,53,62,73,77

    Bower,G.鲍尔,2,35

    Boyle 波义尔,20

    Braddon-Mitchell,D.布雷登-米切尔,10,97,223,270,271,393

    brain 脑

    role of in thought ~在思维中的作用,55-6

    ventricular theory,~室理论55-7

    Brentano,E 布伦塔诺,401

    Brink,F.布林克,78

    British Empiricists 英国经验主义者,20,24,33,34; see also Berkeley,hume,Locke 亦见贝克莱,休谟,洛克

    Broadbent,D.布罗德本特,47

    Broca,C.布洛卡,63-5,76,77,361

    Brodmanns areas 布罗德曼脑区,66-7

    Bubblehead,Mr 空想先生;见Mr Bubblehead

    bug detector 昆虫探测器,96,202

    Butler,G.布特勒,102,328,329

    C

    Cajal,R.卡哈尔,34,68,69,70,71,76,77

    Carnap,R.卡尔纳普,99n

    Carruthers,p.卡拉瑟斯,393

    Carter,D.卡特,xvii

    Caudill,M.科迪尔,102,328,329

    cell body 细胞体,68,70,71,74

    CENSUS,147

    central systems 中枢系统,215,217,222,224

    Chalmers,D.查尔默斯,xvii,223,235,237,240-2,270,271,412

    Chater,N.蔡特,392

    Cherniak,C.切尼雅克,175

    chicken-snow experiment 鸡-雪实验,211

    Chinese gym 中文体操馆,367,368,391,392

    Chinese room argument 中文屋论证,227-35,251,258,266-7,270,367-9

    robot reply 从机器人角度对 ~的回应,232-3,235

    systems reply 从系统角度对 ~的回应,231-2,235

    Chomsky,N.乔姆斯基,2,42,44,45,48,53

    Christensen,S.克里斯滕森,393

    Church,A.丘奇,60,126,130,131,149,151,184,268,409

    Churchland,p.M.丘奇兰德,222,223,234-5,328,361,392,393

    Churchland,p.S.丘奇兰德,10,11,78,234-5,240

    Church-Turing thesis 丘奇-图灵论题,130,151,184

    Clark,A.克拉克,286,288,328,329,351,358,373-4,379-80,383,393

    Clark,K.克拉克,152,411n,412

    classical conditioning 经典条件,38,52

    classification paradigm 分类范式,306

    coarse coding 粗编码,321

    coffee vectors 咖啡矢量,323

    cognition 认知

    broad conception of 广义的 ~,4,5

    narrow conception of 狭义的 ~,5

    cognitive hexagon 认知六边形,3,6,7

    cognitive neuroscience 认知神经科学,2,11,178,240

    cognitive psychology 认知心理学,2,4,5,8,10,15,38,171,178,185,195,242

    cognitive science 认知科学

    broad conception of 广义的 ~,2,3,6

    narrow conception of 狭义的 ~,4,6

    working view of ~的操作概念,6-7

    Cognitive Science Society 认知科学学会,1,11

    cognitivism 认知主义,4,37,45,54,250-1,256,268,271,410

    Cohen,J.科恩,123,270

    Collins,A.柯林斯,10

    complex ideas 复杂观念,17,20,22,24

    Complex representations 复杂表征,154

    Compositional representations 组合表征,154

    compositionality 合成性,246,268

    computation 计算

    broad conception of 广义 ~,5

    narrow conception of 狭义 ~,5,6

    computational architectures 计算结构

    taxonomy of ~的分类,147-8,351-3

    computational theory of mind 心智的计算理论,4,15,37,79,105,183-90,201,220,

    249,271,275,330-1,367,394; see also connectionist computational theory of mind,digital computational theory of mind 亦见心智的联结主义计算理论,心智的数字

    计算理论

    computer 计算机

    combined functional-descriptive view of ~的功能-描述结合观,403-4

    functional definitions of ~的功能定义,395-8

    levels of description view of ~描述层次观,398-404

    syntactic definition of ~句法定义,252

    computer science 计算机科学,1,2,7,8,46,158,412

    conceptual role semantics 概念作用语义,204-8,221-3,239,244,248,250,268,271

    conflict with compositionality ~与合成性观点的矛盾,246

    DCTM-CR 心智数字计算理论的 ~,244

    problem of analyticity ~的分析性难题,245

    problem of holism ~的整体性难题,245

    problem of relativism ~的相对性难题,245

    problem of truth ~的真值难题,246

    and wide content ~与宽内容,246,247,248

    conceptual level 概念层,321,338-40,343-4,348

    conditioned reflexes 条件反射,33,40,335

    conditioned response 条件反应,38

    conditioned stimulus 条件刺激,38

    conjunctive coding 连接编码,320-1

    connection principle 联结原则,234,242-4,268,271

    connection strengths 联结强度,79,282,309,326,331,336-7,351,368,403,407-8

    connection weights 联结权值,290

    connectionist computational theory of mind 心智的联结主义计算理论,105,275,330-74,383,389-94,407

    basic (B-CCTM) 基本 ~,331

    motivations for ~的理据,332-5

    and propositional attitudes ~与命题态度,371-9

    connectionist concepts 联结主义概念

    constituency relations in ~中的构成关系,338

    see also distributed representations,local representations 亦见分布式表征,局部表征

    connectionist dynamical system hypothesis 联结主义动力系统假设,343

    connectionist networks 联结网络,15,79,85-6,90,101-2,144,147,273-393

    and defective input ~与缺省输入,298-9

    computation as vector transformation ~中的矢量转换计算,297

    differences and similarity to associationism ~与联想主义的区别和关联,335-7

    differences and similarities to the brain ~与人脑的区别和关联,359-62

    and human-like performance ~与类人行为 332-3

    learning and training of ~的学习和训练,304-5

    lures of ~的优点,362-6

    programming ~的程序设计,292-5,327

    conscious rule application 有意识的应用规则,339,344,346,348,357

    conscious rule interpreter 有意识的规则解释器,340-1

    consciousness 意识,3,24,30,32,38-40,178,208,209,211,213,221,223,232,234,235,236-44,267,270,348,358,389

    as awakeness 作为觉醒的 ~,209

    and computers ~与计算机,239-40

    consciousness-of 对某事物的 ~,208,209,211,236,242

    relationship to cognition 认知与 ~的关系,242; see also connection principle 亦见联结原则

    see also full-blown consciousness,meta-consciousness,phenomenal consciousness,self-consciousness 亦见自我意识,元意识,现象意识

    constitutive properties 本构特征,381,382

    content addressability 内容寻址性,148,324

    context layer 背景层,302

    contrast detector 对比探测器,96

    control 控制

    local vs.distributed 局部与分布式 ~,148

    conversation jukebox 自动会话机,226

    convexity detector 凸面探测器,96

    Cooney,B.库尼,222

    Copeland,J.柯普兰德,10,123,135,151,270,271,353,358,392,412

    Corsi,p.科尔西,61,65,77,78

    cortical localization 皮质层定位论,60,63-5,71-2

    Courant 柯蓝特,126

    Cowan,J.科旺,99n,102,271

    Cowell,D.考威尔,152,41ln,412

    Crane,T.克兰,10,222

    Crick,F.克里克,270,271,359,392,416

    Cummins,D.康明斯,223,271

    Cummins,R.康明斯,10,36,l00n,172-5,175,176

    Cussins,A.库森斯,329

    cybernetics 控制论,7,85

    D

    DAndrade,R.安德拉德,11

    Davies,M.戴维斯,271,374,412

    Davis,S.戴维斯,151,329

    Dawson,M.道森,10,151,392

    de No,L.德·诺,72

    Deiters戴特斯,68,70

    delta learning ~学习,312-13,316

    delta rule defined,Delta规则定义,313

    generalized delta rule 广义Delta规则,316,329

    Democritus 德谟克利特,56

    demons 鬼; see pandemonium 见鬼蜮模型

    dendrites 树突,15,68-71,74,289,334

    Dennett,D.丹尼特,3,53,152,223,236,242,270,353,359,392,401,411

    depth problem 纵向难题,97,384

    Descartes 笛卡尔,19,20,38,42,56-9,67,75,77,121,194

    mechanical view of the body ~的身体机械观,57

    on the distinction between mind and body ~的心身二元论,58,59

    description theory of reference 指称描述理论,381

    detector semantics 探测器语义.see simple detector semantics 见简单探测器语义

    Devitt,M.德维特,188,249,271

    dichotic listening task 双耳分析任务,211-12

    digital computational theory of mind 心智的数字计算理论,79,105,171,173,178,179,181,183,189-271,275,330,331-3,362,366-7,371-4,389,391-2,394,407

    relationship to brain ~与脑的关系,259-63

    scope of ~的范围,263-5

    dimming detector 调光探测器,96

    Dinsmore,J.丁斯莫尔,329

    direction of fit 适切方向,182,219,222,250

    disjunction problem 析取难题,97-8,387,393

    distributed representations 分布式表征,90,276,281,324,327,329,351,364

    advantages ~的优点,323,324

    fully distributed representations 完全 ~,318,351

    quasi-distributed representation 准 ~,318,351

    domain specificity 域特异性,218,222

    Dretske,F.德雷兹克,223,388,393

    Dreyfus,B.德莱夫斯,xvii,123

    dualism 二元论,195,200-1,231,241

    naturalistic 自然主义 ~,241

    interactionist 交互作用 ~,194

    Dunlop,C.丹洛普,9,417

    E

    Ebbinghaus,h.艾宾浩斯,33,333

    Edelman,G.埃德尔曼,270,271

    EDVAC (and EDVAC report),79,99n,133,148n effective calculability 有效计算,130,131

    effective procedure 有效程序,131,340; see also algorithm 亦见算法

    Ehrenberg,C.艾伦贝尔,68

    Einstein,A.爱因斯坦,126,132

    eliminativism 取消论,196,372,378,380,381,382,391,393

    ELIZA,107,122,228

    Elman,J.埃尔曼,302,303,304,328

    Emotional Congruity 情绪吻合,29

    Empedocles 恩培多克勒,55

    empiricism 经验主义,16,36,105; see also British Empiricists 亦见英国经验主义论者

    ENIAC,133,151,251

    entailment problem 蕴涵问题; see problem of logical relations 见逻辑关系难题

    epiphenomenalism 副现象轮,195

    equipotency condition 等势情境,373-4,391

    equipotentiality 等势性,71-2,77,86

    error 误差

    defined ~定义,313

    Etchemendy,J.艾切曼第,151,413

    excitation 兴奋,44,80,82,289,290,293,295,306,334,360,384

    exemplars 样本,276,332

    expert systems 专家系统,121,139,152,365

    explanatory gap 解释鸿沟,240-1,267,270

    Eysenck,M.艾森克,176

    F

    face network 面孔网络,308-13

    facilitated relearning 迅捷再学习,366

    Fancher,R.范切尔,53,60,66,71

    Farmer,A.法莫,224

    fault tolerance 容错性,324,353

    feedforward networks 前馈网络,276,301

    Feigenbaum,E.费根鲍姆,122,123,142,152,161,162,163,165,167,175,270

    Feldman,E.费尔德曼,123,270

    Feldman,J.费尔德曼,319,328,329,334,363

    Ferrier,D.费里尔,66

    Fetzer.J.费策尔,9

    Field,h.菲尔德,205,223

    Fikes,R.菲克斯,121

    Finger,S.费英格尔,57,62,63,64,66,68,69,77

    Flanagan,O.弗拉纳根,10,36,53,54,270

    Flohr,h.弗洛尔,358

    Flourens,M.弗洛伦斯,62,71

    Focalized recall 聚焦回忆,30

    Fodor,J.福多,xvii,78,97,l00n,121,186,187,188,190,191,193,203,215,217,218,219,222,223,224,233,245,249,264,265,271,339,362-7,387,390,391,393,399,400,402,405,411

    Fodors Fork 福多之叉,362,366-7

    folk psychology 常识心理学,186,337,371,372,376,378,379,380,383,393; see also propositional attitudes 亦见命题态度

    formality constraint 形式约束,187-8,205,220-1,246,249-50

    Forster,K.福斯特,xvii,229

    frames 框架,106,155,160,164,165,166,168,169,171,175,176,321,373

    Franklin,S.富兰克林,393,408,409,412

    Frege,G.弗雷格,157-8,179,180,181,183,188,219,222

    French,R.法兰奇,270

    Freud 弗洛伊德,10,37,54

    Fritsch,G.弗里奇,66

    full-blown consciousness 完整意识,238-9,242

    functional role 功能作用,203-5,221,250

    short-armed vs.long-armed 短距 ~ vs.长距 ~,204; see also conceptual role semantics 亦见概念作用语义

    functionalism 功能主义,197-205,220-1,239,250

    short-armed vs.long-armed短距 ~ vs.长距 ~,250; see also machine functionalism 亦见机器功能主义

    G

    Galanter,E.加兰特尔,15,48,49,51,53

    Galen 盖伦,56

    Gall,F.高尔,60-2,63,64,76,77,78,218,219

    Gandy,R.甘迪,151

    Gardner,h.加德纳,6,10,53,54,78,123,419

    Garfield,J.加菲尔德,10,224

    Garrett,M.加勒特,xvii,211

    Garzon,M.加尔松,408,409

    Gazzaniga,M.加札尼加,11,209,211,419

    Gelman,S.盖尔曼,224

    generalization 泛化/归纳,39,52,90,324,333,365-6

    generalized delta rule 广义Delta规则; see delta learning 见delta学习

    Generic Empiricist Associationism 一般经验联结主义,16

    Gestalt psychology 格式塔心理学,10,37

    Glymour,C.格利默,151,222,412

    goat network 山羊网络,299,300,301

    Godel,K.哥德尔,130,157,158

    Goel,V.戈尔,412

    Goldberg,S.高德伯格,10,223,271

    Goldman,A.戈德曼,xvii,10,270,271

    Golgi 高尔基,34,68,69,70,71,76

    Goschke,T.高施克,329

    graceful degradation 渐次衰减,324,333,335,353,362,365

    Graham,G.格雷汉姆,10

    Graham,p.格雷汉姆,xvii

    Graubard,S.格劳巴德,271

    Greenwood,J.格林伍德,393

    Gross,C.格罗斯,151

    Guttenplan,S.古滕普兰,10

    Guzeldere,G.居泽尔德雷,223,270

    h

    haberland,K.哈伯兰德,316,328

    habit 习惯,27,29

    halliday,M.哈利迪,117

    halting problem 停机问题,158,409

    hameroff,S.哈莫罗夫,270

    hanson,S.汉森,392

    hard problem 难问题,240-1,270,348

    hardy 哈代,126

    harlow,h.哈洛,43

    harman,G.哈尔曼,223

    harnish,R.哈尼什,224,271,412

    hartley,D.哈特莱,19,33,40

    hatfield,G.哈特菲尔德,77

    haugeland,J.,霍格兰德,10,130,138,143,151,176,341,346

    hawking,S.霍金,361

    hayes,p.海耶斯,176

    hebb,D.赫伯,25,72,73,74,75,77,289,301,308,312,316,327,335

    hebbian learning 赫伯式学习,308,312,316

    hebbs postulate 赫伯假设,73

    heims,S.海姆斯,152

    hendricks,S.亨德里克斯,xvii

    hernstein,R.赫恩斯坦,53

    hewitt,G.海威特,117,176

    hidden units 隐层单元,290

    hierarchical cluster analysis 层级聚类分析,285-6,322,333,380

    hierarchical organization of behavior 行为的分层结构,49

    “higher-order” theories of consciousness 意识的“高阶”理论; see meta-consciousness 见元意识

    hildreth,E.海德里斯,321

    hilgard,E.希尔加德,41,53

    hillis 希利斯,364

    hillix,M.希里克斯,35,53

    hinton,G.辛顿,306,329

    hirschfeld,L.赫希菲尔德,224

    “historical-causal chain” theory of reference 指称“历史-因果链”理论,381

    hitzig,E.西齐格,66

    hobbes,T.霍布斯,17,19,22,32

    hodges,A.霍奇斯,126,151

    hofstadter,D.霍夫施塔特,122n,270

    “holism” argument 整体性论证,376,378,391

    hooke,R.胡克,66

    horgan,T.霍根,176,329

    hornik,K.霍尼克,409,412

    horst,S.霍斯特,271

    hubel,D.休贝尔,72,l00n

    human-like learning 类似于人的学习,366

    hume,David 休谟,17,19,20-2,34n,36,105,179,180,182,219,222,336

    hunt,M.亨特,36,53,54

    hybrid theory 混合理论,346

    I

    identity theory 同一性理论 see physicalism 物理主义

    imitation game 模仿游戏; see Turing test 见图灵测试

    implementation,117,343,362-7,370-1,390-2,401

    Ince,D.恩斯,353,354,355,356

    information processing 信息加工,3,5,15,37,43,46-8,52,139,178,231,339,363,400,411

    inheritance hierarchy 继承层次,162

    inhibition 抑制,80-2,279,281,290,295,306,334,360,384

    innate ideas 天赋观念,19,20

    input systems 输入系统,215-17,222,224,339

    input units 输入单元,290

    input vector 输入矢量,297-9,301,306,309,327,408

    intentionality 意向性,24,84,153,186,227-8,230-5,242-3,257-8,267,337,368,401

    interactive activation and competition 交互激活竞争 275,276

    interpretational semantics 解释语义学,109,172,176,203,215,222

    introspection 内省,15,24,33,34,38,39,229

    intuitive knowledge 直觉知识,339

    intuitive processing 直接加工,339,344,346,348,357

    intuitive processor直觉处理器,321

    Ittelson,B.伊特尔森,xvii

    J

    Jackson,F.杰克逊,10,97,223,237,238,240,243,270,271,393

    Jacob,p.雅各布,222

    James,W.詹姆斯,10,15,19,20,23-36,39,40-2,44,77,80,326n,335,336

    James neuron 詹姆斯神经元,26,80

    Jeffrey,R.杰弗里,151,176,177,412

    Jets and Sharks,275-7,287-8,332,337,350,370

    Johnson-Laird,p.约翰逊-莱尔德,9

    K

    Kandel,E.坎德尔,78

    Karmiloff-Smith,A.卡米洛夫-史密斯,224

    Keane,M.基恩,176

    Keil,F.凯尔,9

    Kilian,J.基利安,409

    Kim,J.金姆,10,222,223,270,271,358

    Klahr,D.克拉尔,223

    Kobes,B.科比,122

    Koelliker 柯力克,68,70

    Khler,W.科勒,41

    Koppelberg,S.科佩尔伯格,329

    Kosslyn,S.科斯林,11,233,392

    Kuhn,T.库恩,289

    Kurtzweil,R.克兹维尔,152

    L

    Lackner,J.莱克纳,211

    Laird,J.莱尔德,223

    Lambda-calculus Lambda-演算,130

    Lambda-definability Lambda定义,130,131

    language of thought 思维语言,186,190-3,201,206-7,220,222,244-5,331-2,374,399

    Larson,T.拉森,xvii

    Lashley,K.拉什利,43,44,45,49,52,53,71,72,77,289,335,421

    Lavine,S.拉维恩,xvii

    law of effect 效果律,41,52

    law of exercise 练习律,41,52

    Leahey,T.黎黑,44,46,47,53

    learning rate 学习速率,283,308,309,311,312,313,314

    LeDoux,J.雷道克斯,209,211

    Leeuwenhoek 列文虎克,66

    Lehman,J.雷曼,224

    Lentin,A.莱汀,151

    Lepore,E.莱波雷,10,223,271

    Lettvin,J.勒特文,72,79,95,96,99,102

    levels of computation 计算层,404-7

    Levesque 利维斯克,176

    Levine,D.列文,328,329

    Levine,J.列文,240,270

    linear separability 线性分离,90,91,94,101,316-17

    and the Delta rule ~与Delta规则,316

    linguistics 语言学,1,2,3,4,7,8,48

    Lisker,L.里斯科,229

    LISp,117,131

    local representations 局部表征,276,279,281,318,319,323,327,351

    problems with ~问题,319

    location addressability 位置寻址性,324

    Locke,John 洛克,16,17,19,20,21,22,23,34,36,105,222

    Loewer,B.洛伊维尔,271

    logic 逻辑,15,20,79,81,84,100,106,151,155,157,158,175,176,177,259,263,373,400,412

    logical behaviorism 逻辑行为主义,195-6

    Logical Computing Machine 逻辑计算机器,355

    logical positivism 逻辑实证主义,41

    Lormand,E.洛曼德,270

    Ludlow,p.鲁德洛,36

    Luger,G.卢格尔,270

    luminous room 发光小屋,234-5,266-7,270

    Lutz,R.鲁茨,329

    Lycan,W.赖肯,10,223

    Lyons,J.莱昂斯,xvii

    M

    machine functionalism 机器功能主义,185-6,201,202,204,221,223

    machine table 工作台/程序表,15,127,128

    Maloney,J.马罗尼,xvii,222,270

    Marcel,A.马塞尔,270

    Mark I perceptron 感知器Mark I,89

    Marr,D.马尔,5,10,223,321,400,401,402,411

    Marrs “tri-level” hypothesis 马尔的三层次假设,5,400-1

    Marx,M.马克斯,35,53

    mass action 整体活动,71,72

    Massaro,D.马萨罗,393

    materialism 唯物主义; see physicalism 见物理主义

    Maturana,h.马图拉纳,79,95

    McClamrock,R.麦克莱姆洛克,176

    McClelland 麦克莱兰德,J.,276,277,288,295,299,306,319,321,328,329,334,335,350,358,384,385,386,392,393

    McCorduck,p.麦科杜克,123

    McCulloch,G.麦卡洛克,36,77,222

    McCulloch,W.麦卡洛克,15,79,80,82,86,90,93,95,99n,100,101,102,408

    McCulloch and pitts neuron 麦卡洛克与皮茨神经元,81,82

    McDermott,D.麦克德莫特,175,176

    McDonald,C.麦克唐纳,329

    McDonald,G.麦克唐纳,329

    McGinn,C.麦克吉恩,240,271

    McLaughlin 麦克劳克林,B.,337,366,367,392

    McLeod,p.麦克劳德,102,328,392

    McTeal,M.麦克蒂尔,122

    means-end reasoning 方法-目的推理,31-2

    memory 记忆

    indirect vs.direct (or random) 间接与直接(或任意)记忆,148

    location addressable vs.content addressable 位置寻址与内容寻址 ~,148

    meta-cognition 元认知,236

    meta-consciousness 元意识,209,211,223,236

    Metropolis 米卓波利斯,152

    microfeatures 微特征,321-2,338

    Mill,James 密尔,18

    Mill,J.S.密尔,18,19,20

    Miller,G.米勒,2,15,47,48,49,51,53

    Mills,S.米尔斯,35,358

    mind-body problem 心-身问题,3,39,40,135,185,193-8,202,223,225,265,331

    Minsky,M.明斯基,79,82,85,90,99n,102,123,130,151,152,164,165,176,250,393,409,412

    misrepresentation problem 错误表征难题; see “disjunction problem” 见析取问题

    modes of presentation 呈现模式,191-3; see also aspectual shapes 亦见表象形态

    modularity 模块性,138,143-4,160,186,215-14,376,378,382

    hard vs.soft 硬与软 ~,217,218

    internal vs.external 内部与外部 ~,217

    modus ponens 取式,159,160

    Moody,T.穆迪,10

    Morris,R.莫里斯,329

    moving edge detector 运动探测器,96

    Mr Bubblehead 空想先生,188,200,220

    Müller-Lyer 缪勒-莱尔,216

    multidimensional scaling 多维排列,322

    multiple realizability 多重可实现性,85,185,220,252,269

    MYCIN,121

    Myolopoulos,J.米奥罗普洛斯,176

    N

    Nadel,L.纳德尔,xvii,329

    Nagel,T.内格尔,237,240,241,243,423

    narrow cognitive theory 狭义认知理论,249

    narrow content 窄内容,186,249,250,271,427

    “natural kinds” argument “自然种类”论证,377,378,391

    natural language processing 自然语言处理,107,119,121-2

    Neisser,U.奈瑟,46,52,147

    nerve impulse 神经冲动,74-5

    nerve-net theory 神经网状理论,66-9

    NETtalk,275-6,280-3,286-8,293,303,318-19,322,332-3,335,336,350,380,387,410

    neural architecture hypothesis 神经结构假设,344

    neural level 神经层,25,33,50,73,321,338-9,341,344,348-9,362

    Neural Networks 神经网络 see connectionist networks 见联结主义网络

    Neuro-Logical tradition 神经-逻辑传统,15,79-85

    neuron doctrine 神经元理论,15,66,68,70-1,73,76,77,426

    neuroscience 神经科学,3,7,10,11,33,55,60,70,78,139,185,338,349,360,362,392

    Newell,A.纽厄尔,9,38,139,140,141,152,186,223,258,349,396,397,411,412

    Newton 牛顿,20,57

    Nietzsche,Friedrich 尼采,16

    Nilsson,N.尼尔森,102,121

    “no-cause” problem “非原因”问题,384-6

    Norman,D.诺曼,2,52,176

    O

    Oaksford,M.奥卡斯福特,392

    occurrent beliefs 现时信念,379

    Odifreddi,p.奥蒂弗莱迪,151,412

    one hundred step rule (100-step rule) 100步规则,334-5,363,390

    open sentence 开放句,158,159

    Oppenheimer,R.欧本海默,132

    orthogonal vectors 正交矢量,301,312

    Osherson,D.奥舍森,9

    output activation 输出激活,290,291,309,312,313

    output units 输出单元,290

    output vector 输出矢量,297,298,299,327,408

    p

    pandemonium 鬼蜮模型,106,144,145,146,147,148,150,152,289,335

    papert,S.帕佩尔特,79,85,90,393

    parallel distributed processing 并行分布加工;see connectionist networks 见联结主义网络

    parallel processing 并行加工,90,144,363,369

    partial recall 部分回忆,27

    partridge,D.帕特里奇,176,420,424

    psztor,.帕斯特,xvii

    psztor,C.帕斯特,xvii

    pattern associator 样式联结器,295,305-6

    pattern completion 完备样式,305,324,347

    pavlov,I.巴甫洛夫,33,38,39,40,42,53,289,335,424

    penrose,R.彭罗斯,151,236

    perceptron convergence theorem 感知收敛定理,89,93-4,101

    perceptrons 感知器,15,79,85-94,100-2,147,289,306,335

    organization of ~的结构,87-8

    pessin,A.派欣,10,223,271

    phenomenal consciousness 现象意识,208,209,223,236,241,263

    philosophy 哲学,1,2,3,4,7,8,10,19,20,23,36,53,56,57,67,186,271,381,382

    phrenology 颅相学,60,61,62,75

    physical symbol system hypothesis 物理符号系统假设,186-7,396,411

    physicalism 物理主义,196-8,200-2,220,240

    token physicalism 殊型物理主义,196-7

    type physicalism 类型物理主义,196-7

    piaget,Jean 皮亚杰,37

    pineal gland,57,59

    pitts,W.皮茨,15,79,80,82,86,90,93,95,99n,100,101,102,408

    pléh,C.普莱赫,xvii

    plunkett,K.普朗克特,328

    pohl,I.波勒,134,152

    posner,M.波斯纳,10

    post,E.波斯特,139

    predicate calculus 谓词演算,106,155,174,176,208,246

    pribram,K.普利布拉姆,15,48,49,51,53

    primary qualities 基本属性,20-1

    principle of introspection 内省原则,228-9

    principles of association 联想原则,16,17,22,24,25,34

    problem of logical relations 逻辑关系难题,173,177,203,249,387

    problem of representations 表征难题,153,318

    procedural semantics 过程语义,117

    production systems 产生式系统,106,139-43,150,152,185,223,346,365

    compared with von Neumann machines ~与冯·诺依曼机的比较,143

    productivity 产生性,192-3,220,222

    program 程序

    definition of ~的定义,124

    proper treatment of connectionism 联结主义的恰当定位(pTC),337,338,340,344-51,357,358,359

    and cognition ~与认知,348,349

    and consciousness ~与意识,348

    and content ~与内容,350

    property dualism 属性二元论,198

    propositional attitudes 命题态度,180-3,186-8,190,219,220,222,239,263,264,265,271,331,371-83,391; see also eliminativism 亦见取消论

    propositional modularity 命题模块性,373,378-82,391,393

    prototype extraction 原型提取,366

    proudfoot,D.普拉德福特,358

    psycholinguistics 心理语言学,7

    purkyne,J.浦肯野,67,68

    putnam,h.普特南,2,185,186,246,247,248,258,271,412

    pylyshyn,Z.派利夏恩,9,10,126,134,139,143,193,222,264,362-7,390,391,401,402,411

    Q

    qua problem 质性难题,97,173,388

    qualia 感受质性,237,238,239,243,270,271,389

    quantifiers 量词,114,156-8

    Quine,W.奎因,382

    Quinlan,p.昆兰,94,102,161,176,328,393

    Quinn,L.奎恩,xvii

    R

    radical behaviorism 激进行为主义,195

    Ramsey,W.拉姆塞,322,329,358,373-83,393

    Ratcliff,R.拉特克利夫,393

    recency 新近性,27,29

    recoding 转录,47,48

    recurrent networks 循环网络,301-4,336

    recursive functions 递归函数,130

    Reeke,G.瑞克,271

    reflex arc 反射弧,50,57

    regularity detector 规则探测器,305

    Reid,T.里德,61

    relative refractory period 相对不应期,75

    representational theory of mind 心智的表征理论,105,179,187,219,220,222,275,330

    representationas 作为什么而表征,388,392,393

    Rey,G.雷伊,10,177,222,223,232,270,271,393

    Rich,E.里奇,175,176

    right cause problem 真实原因难题,97,173,384-6,392

    Rolls,E.罗尔斯,392

    “rose and goat” network “玫瑰-山羊”网络,299-301

    rose network 玫瑰网络,296-300,335

    Rosenberg,J.罗森伯格,358,393

    Rosenblatt,E.罗森布拉特,79,85,86,87,88,89,90,93,99n,100,101,102

    Rosenfeld,E.罗森菲尔德,85,102

    Rosenthal,D.罗森塔尔,223

    Rumelhart 鲁梅尔哈特,D.,176,277,288,295,299,305,306,319,321,328,329,334,335,350,358,371,384,385,386,392,393

    Russell,B.罗素,99n,157,158,179,180,181,183,188,219,222,237

    Russian reflexology 俄罗斯生理学,38

    S

    Schank 尚克,R.,176,228,229

    Schneider,W.施耐德,289,328

    Schooler,J.斯古勒,270

    Schwartz,J.施瓦茨,271,392

    scripts 脚本,106,160,165,166,167,168,169,171,175,176

    Seager,W.西格,270

    Searle,J.塞尔,xvii,181,182,222,227-35,241-4,251-9,266-71,367-71,391,410-12

    Sechenov,L.谢切诺夫,38,426

    secondary qualities 次性,21

    Segal,G.塞加尔,222,224

    Sejnowski,T.谢诺沃斯基,11,240,280,282,283,284,285,380

    self-consciousness 自我意识,209

    Selfridge,O.塞尔弗里奇,144,145,146,147

    semantic networks 语义网络,106,155,160-3,171,175,176,276,373,387

    semantic rules 语义规则,110,156,174

    semantically effectual representations 语义有效表征,351,352,357

    sensory transducers 感知传感器,215,221,336

    Seok,B.薮科,xvii

    Shannon,C.申农,46

    Sharp,D.夏普,99n,102,271

    Shaw,A.肖,134,152,424

    Shear,J.施尔,270

    Shepherd,R.谢菲尔德,68,69,70,71,77,78

    Sherrington 谢灵顿,34,41,70

    Shortliff,E.肖特列夫,121

    ShRDLU,106-8,116-22,228,338,341,352

    limitations of ~的局限,119-21

    organization of ~的结构,116-18

    Siegelmann,h.西格尔曼,409

    Simon,h.西蒙,38,139,152,186,223,258,349,396,412

    simple connectionist detector semantics (SCDS) 简单联结主义探测器网络,350,351,358,383,385,392,393

    simple detector semantics 简单探测器语义,95,97,101,173,203,383

    problems with ~问题,97

    “simple” ideas “简单”观念,17,20,22

    simulation representation 模拟表征,172

    Skinner,B.斯金纳,41,42,44,45,48,52,53

    Sloan Report 斯隆报告,1,3,4,7

    Smith,L.史密斯,10,53,393

    Smolensky,p.斯莫琳斯基,321,322,329,331,338,340-7,349,351,356n,357-9,365,371,382,393

    Soar,223,224

    soft constraints 软约束,344,365,390

    Sontag,E.桑塔格,409

    Sorensen,p.索伦森,175

    Spencer,h.斯宾塞,18

    “split brain” patients 裂脑人,209-13

    spontaneous trains of thought 无意识思维轨迹,30

    spread problem 横向问题; see qua problem 见特征问题

    spreading activation 激活扩散,161,163

    Spurzheim 施普尔茨海姆,60,62,76,77

    Squire,L.斯奎尔,11

    S-R theory S-R理论; see behaviorism 见行为主义

    stability problem 稳定性难题,409

    Stabler,E.斯特布勒,404,405,406,410,411,412

    standing beliefs 持久相信,242,379

    statistical inference 统计推理,344

    Staugaard,A.斯道伽德,161,162,165,168,176

    Sterelny,K.斯特林,10,329

    Stich,S.斯蒂克,188,271,380,381,382,393

    Stillings,N.斯蒂林,9,78,328

    stimulus-response psychology 刺激-反应心理学; see behaviorism 见行为主义

    Stone,J.斯通,l00n

    strong AI 强人工智能,227-35,255,266,267,268,270,368-71

    strong equivalence 强等价,125,126

    subconcepts 次概念; see microfeatures 见微特征

    subconceptual level 次概念层; see “subsymbolic level” 见次符号层

    subsymbolic hypothesis 次符号假设,343

    subsymbolic level 次符号层,321,338,348,349

    relationship to neural level 神经层与 ~的关系,345

    subsymbolic paradigm 次符号程式,340,342-4,346,347,352

    superimposed networks 叠加网络,299

    supervenience 随附性,197-9,202,223,350

    generic mind-body supervenience 一般心-身随附性,198

    supervised learning 监督学习,306,308

    symbolic paradigm 符号程式,340,341,343,344,346,348

    synapses 突触,15,41,66,70,71,73,74,75,80,289,334,368,408

    synaptic knob 突触节点,74

    syntactic cognitive theory 句法认知理论,249

    syntactic rules 句法规则,156,158,174

    “syntax has no causal powers” arguments “句法不具因果力”的论证,257-9

    “syntax is not intrinsic to the physics” arguments “句法不是内在物理属性”的争论,252-7

    systematicity 系统性,192-3,217,220,222

    T

    Tarski,A.塔斯基,177

    Tennant,h.坦南特,122

    “tensor product” representations “张积量表征”,322

    Thagard,p.萨伽德,10,176,356n

    Thompson,B.汤普逊,xvii

    Thorndike,E.桑代克,33,40,41,52

    three-layer feed forward network 三层前馈网络,276

    thresholds 阈值,79,82,282,288,292,326,331

    Tienson 泰森,J.,329,331

    token physicalism 殊型物理主义,197,200,201

    Tolman 托尔曼,50

    total recall 整体回忆,26

    TOTE units TOTE(Test-Operation-Test-Exit,测试-操作-测试-输出)单元,15,49-53

    Tremblay,J.-p.特伦布莱,175

    Treves,A.特里夫斯,392

    Turing,A.图灵,15,84,85,105,106,126,127,129-31,133,138,139,148n,149,151,158,183-7,201,204,221-6,228,231,251,258,266,268,270,349,353-8,370,396,409,410,412

    Turing machine 图灵机,15,84,126,127,129,131,138,139,143,148,149,150,151,184,185,251,258,340,353,355,356,370,393,396,409

    computability ~可计算性,131

    universal 通用 ~,129-31,185,187,396

    Turing test 图灵测试,127,183,225,226,231

    Turings theorem 图灵论题,185

    Twin Earth 孪生地球,247,248

    two-factor theory of content 内容的双因素理论,250,271

    U

    unconditioned response 非条件反射,38

    unconscious rule interpretation hypothesis 无意识规则解释假设,341

    unitary architectures 单一结构,213

    UNIVAC,151

    universal practical computing machine (UpCM) 普适计算机器,356

    universal realiability 普遍可实现性; see “syntax is not intrinsic to the physics” arguments 见“句法不是内在物理属性”的争论

    unorganized machines 非组织机器,353-6,357,358

    unsupervised learning 无监督学习,306

    competitive 竞争 ~,306,328

    V

    Valentin 瓦伦丁,67,68

    Valentine,E.瓦伦泰,358,427

    Van Gelder,T.凡·吉尔德,329,358

    variables 变量,42,86,156-8

    vector transformation 矢量转化,297,331

    Verschure,p.沃什彻尔,288

    vital spirits 生命精气,56

    vividness 新奇性,29

    voluntary trains of thought 随意思维轨迹,30

    von Eckhardt,B.冯·艾克卡特,10,393,397,412

    von Neumann,J.冯·诺依曼,79,99n,106,126,132,133,134,135,138,139,143,144,148n,149,150,152,185,201,213,214,231,232,255,259,263,340,353,396,407

    von Neumann machines 冯·诺依曼机,133,135,144,149,150,188,214,232,255,346

    comparison to Turing machines ~与图灵机的比较,138,139

    W

    Waldeyer,W.沃尔德耶,70,71,77

    Walker,S.沃克,358

    Waltz,D.华尔兹,122n,123

    Wang,h.王,131

    Warfield 沃菲尔德,T,366,380,381,382,392,393

    Wasserman,p.沃瑟曼,102,271,328,329

    Watson,J.华生,33,39,40,41,44,52

    weak AI 弱人工智能,227,268

    weak equivalence 弱等效,125,126,131,139,251

    of serial and parallel machines 串行与并行机器 ~,369,370

    Weaver,W.维沃,46

    Weisenbaum,h.魏曾鲍姆,228

    Weiskrantz,L.韦斯克兰茨,238

    Wernicke,C.维尔尼克,65-6,76,361

    Weyl 外尔,126,132

    “what it is like” 是其所是的样子; see consciousness,phenomenal 见意识,现象的

    White,R.怀特,151

    Whitehead,A.怀特海,99n,157,158

    wide cognitive theory 宽认知理论,249

    wide content 宽内容,249,250,258,263,268,271

    Wiesel 威舍尔,72,l00n

    Wilks,Y.维尔克斯,122

    Wilson,F.威尔逊,36

    Wilson,R.威尔逊,9

    Winograd,T.威诺格拉德,108,116-22,176,228

    Wittgenstein,L.维特根斯坦,180

    Woods,W.伍兹,176

    Wundt 冯特,23,33,39

    X

    XOR 异或,90-4,101,102,317,386,392

    Y

    Young,R.杨,36,61,77

    Z

    Zemel,R.泽梅尔,xvii