索 引
*索引中所标注的页码为原著页码。——译者注
A
&-simplification &-简化,159,160
Abelson,R.阿贝尔森,176
Abrahamsen,A.阿布汉森,288,300,308,328,392
Abramson,A.艾布拉姆森,229
absolute refractory period 绝对不应期,75
ACT “思维适应性控制模型(Adaptive Control of Thought)”,223
action potential 动作电位,75,21
activation passing rules 激活传递规则,279,304,331,352,368,407,408
algorithm 算法,6,105,124,125,130,135,139,143,144,149,231-3,251,253,258,264,276,363,367,401,402,407
defined ~定义,124
American psychological Association 美国心理学会,38
analyticity 分析性,268
Anaxagoras 阿那克萨哥拉,56
Anderson,J.安德森,35,85,91,102,143,213,223,260,328
Angell,J.安吉尔,38
anthropology 人类学,1,2,3,4,7,11
Arbib,M.阿比布,360,392
Aristotle 亚里士多德,55,56,331,413
Armstrong,D.阿姆斯特朗,223
artificial intelligence 人工智能,3,4,10,107,121-3,139,147,171,176,178,184-6,227,231,233,235,242,266,268,334,342,346,371
Asanuma,C.浅沼智行,271,359,392
aspectual shapes 表象形态,242,243,268.see also modes of presentation 亦见呈现模式
Aspray,W.艾斯普瑞,152
Association by Similarity 相似联想; see Focalized Recall 见聚焦回忆
associationism 联结主义,15-20,23,33-8,102,289,335-7,357-8
associationist principles 联想原则,18-19,22,33,34
associationist processes 联想过程,18
downfall of ~的衰落,33
Atlas,J.阿特拉斯,224
Atomic representations 原子表征,154
Augarten,S.奥嘉敦,123,151
auto associator 自动联结,305
axons 轴突,15,68-71,73-5,260,289,334
B
Babbage,C.巴贝奇,105,251
Bach,K.巴赫,xvii
back propagation of error 误差的反向传递,276,283,303,317,329,344,361,366,374; see also delta learning 亦见delta学习
Bain,A.培因,35,36
Baker,L.巴克,271
Ballard 巴拉德,D.,328,363
Bara,B.巴拉,10
Barker,J.巴尔克,xvii
Barr,A.巴尔,122-3,142,152,161-3,165,167,175
Barsalou,L.巴索罗,10
Barwise,J.巴维斯,151
Beakley,B.比克利,36
Beatty,J.比提,78
Bechtel,W.柏克德,10,288,300,308,328,336,337,358,392
Beckermann,A.伯格曼,358
Behaviorism 行为主义,2,5,10,15,33,35,37-45,48,52-3,139,195,200-1,213,220,231
Berkeley 贝克莱,17
Bever,T.贝弗,xvii,224
binding problem 绑定难题,320,321
“biological naturalism” 生物自然主义,241
Bisiach,E.比西阿奇,270
Blindsight 盲视,238,242
Block,N.布洛克,4,10,89,102,186,204,207,222,223,226,245,270,271
Block-world 积木世界;见ShRDLU
Bobrow,D.博布罗,121,414
Bocz,A.伯茨,xvii
Boden,M.博登,10,107,123
Boolean logic 布尔逻辑,84-5,408
Boolos,G.布勒斯,151,412
Boring,E.波林,23,35,53,62,73,77
Bower,G.鲍尔,2,35
Boyle 波义尔,20
Braddon-Mitchell,D.布雷登-米切尔,10,97,223,270,271,393
brain 脑
role of in thought ~在思维中的作用,55-6
ventricular theory,~室理论55-7
Brentano,E 布伦塔诺,401
Brink,F.布林克,78
British Empiricists 英国经验主义者,20,24,33,34; see also Berkeley,hume,Locke 亦见贝克莱,休谟,洛克
Broadbent,D.布罗德本特,47
Broca,C.布洛卡,63-5,76,77,361
Brodmanns areas 布罗德曼脑区,66-7
Bubblehead,Mr 空想先生;见Mr Bubblehead
bug detector 昆虫探测器,96,202
Butler,G.布特勒,102,328,329
C
Cajal,R.卡哈尔,34,68,69,70,71,76,77
Carnap,R.卡尔纳普,99n
Carruthers,p.卡拉瑟斯,393
Carter,D.卡特,xvii
Caudill,M.科迪尔,102,328,329
cell body 细胞体,68,70,71,74
CENSUS,147
central systems 中枢系统,215,217,222,224
Chalmers,D.查尔默斯,xvii,223,235,237,240-2,270,271,412
Chater,N.蔡特,392
Cherniak,C.切尼雅克,175
chicken-snow experiment 鸡-雪实验,211
Chinese gym 中文体操馆,367,368,391,392
Chinese room argument 中文屋论证,227-35,251,258,266-7,270,367-9
robot reply 从机器人角度对 ~的回应,232-3,235
systems reply 从系统角度对 ~的回应,231-2,235
Chomsky,N.乔姆斯基,2,42,44,45,48,53
Christensen,S.克里斯滕森,393
Church,A.丘奇,60,126,130,131,149,151,184,268,409
Churchland,p.M.丘奇兰德,222,223,234-5,328,361,392,393
Churchland,p.S.丘奇兰德,10,11,78,234-5,240
Church-Turing thesis 丘奇-图灵论题,130,151,184
Clark,A.克拉克,286,288,328,329,351,358,373-4,379-80,383,393
Clark,K.克拉克,152,411n,412
classical conditioning 经典条件,38,52
classification paradigm 分类范式,306
coarse coding 粗编码,321
coffee vectors 咖啡矢量,323
cognition 认知
broad conception of 广义的 ~,4,5
narrow conception of 狭义的 ~,5
cognitive hexagon 认知六边形,3,6,7
cognitive neuroscience 认知神经科学,2,11,178,240
cognitive psychology 认知心理学,2,4,5,8,10,15,38,171,178,185,195,242
cognitive science 认知科学
broad conception of 广义的 ~,2,3,6
narrow conception of 狭义的 ~,4,6
working view of ~的操作概念,6-7
Cognitive Science Society 认知科学学会,1,11
cognitivism 认知主义,4,37,45,54,250-1,256,268,271,410
Cohen,J.科恩,123,270
Collins,A.柯林斯,10
complex ideas 复杂观念,17,20,22,24
Complex representations 复杂表征,154
Compositional representations 组合表征,154
compositionality 合成性,246,268
computation 计算
broad conception of 广义 ~,5
narrow conception of 狭义 ~,5,6
computational architectures 计算结构
taxonomy of ~的分类,147-8,351-3
computational theory of mind 心智的计算理论,4,15,37,79,105,183-90,201,220,
249,271,275,330-1,367,394; see also connectionist computational theory of mind,digital computational theory of mind 亦见心智的联结主义计算理论,心智的数字
计算理论
computer 计算机
combined functional-descriptive view of ~的功能-描述结合观,403-4
functional definitions of ~的功能定义,395-8
levels of description view of ~描述层次观,398-404
syntactic definition of ~句法定义,252
computer science 计算机科学,1,2,7,8,46,158,412
conceptual role semantics 概念作用语义,204-8,221-3,239,244,248,250,268,271
conflict with compositionality ~与合成性观点的矛盾,246
DCTM-CR 心智数字计算理论的 ~,244
problem of analyticity ~的分析性难题,245
problem of holism ~的整体性难题,245
problem of relativism ~的相对性难题,245
problem of truth ~的真值难题,246
and wide content ~与宽内容,246,247,248
conceptual level 概念层,321,338-40,343-4,348
conditioned reflexes 条件反射,33,40,335
conditioned response 条件反应,38
conditioned stimulus 条件刺激,38
conjunctive coding 连接编码,320-1
connection principle 联结原则,234,242-4,268,271
connection strengths 联结强度,79,282,309,326,331,336-7,351,368,403,407-8
connection weights 联结权值,290
connectionist computational theory of mind 心智的联结主义计算理论,105,275,330-74,383,389-94,407
basic (B-CCTM) 基本 ~,331
motivations for ~的理据,332-5
and propositional attitudes ~与命题态度,371-9
connectionist concepts 联结主义概念
constituency relations in ~中的构成关系,338
see also distributed representations,local representations 亦见分布式表征,局部表征
connectionist dynamical system hypothesis 联结主义动力系统假设,343
connectionist networks 联结网络,15,79,85-6,90,101-2,144,147,273-393
and defective input ~与缺省输入,298-9
computation as vector transformation ~中的矢量转换计算,297
differences and similarity to associationism ~与联想主义的区别和关联,335-7
differences and similarities to the brain ~与人脑的区别和关联,359-62
and human-like performance ~与类人行为 332-3
learning and training of ~的学习和训练,304-5
lures of ~的优点,362-6
programming ~的程序设计,292-5,327
conscious rule application 有意识的应用规则,339,344,346,348,357
conscious rule interpreter 有意识的规则解释器,340-1
consciousness 意识,3,24,30,32,38-40,178,208,209,211,213,221,223,232,234,235,236-44,267,270,348,358,389
as awakeness 作为觉醒的 ~,209
and computers ~与计算机,239-40
consciousness-of 对某事物的 ~,208,209,211,236,242
relationship to cognition 认知与 ~的关系,242; see also connection principle 亦见联结原则
see also full-blown consciousness,meta-consciousness,phenomenal consciousness,self-consciousness 亦见自我意识,元意识,现象意识
constitutive properties 本构特征,381,382
content addressability 内容寻址性,148,324
context layer 背景层,302
contrast detector 对比探测器,96
control 控制
local vs.distributed 局部与分布式 ~,148
conversation jukebox 自动会话机,226
convexity detector 凸面探测器,96
Cooney,B.库尼,222
Copeland,J.柯普兰德,10,123,135,151,270,271,353,358,392,412
Corsi,p.科尔西,61,65,77,78
cortical localization 皮质层定位论,60,63-5,71-2
Courant 柯蓝特,126
Cowan,J.科旺,99n,102,271
Cowell,D.考威尔,152,41ln,412
Crane,T.克兰,10,222
Crick,F.克里克,270,271,359,392,416
Cummins,D.康明斯,223,271
Cummins,R.康明斯,10,36,l00n,172-5,175,176
Cussins,A.库森斯,329
cybernetics 控制论,7,85
D
DAndrade,R.安德拉德,11
Davies,M.戴维斯,271,374,412
Davis,S.戴维斯,151,329
Dawson,M.道森,10,151,392
de No,L.德·诺,72
Deiters戴特斯,68,70
delta learning ~学习,312-13,316
delta rule defined,Delta规则定义,313
generalized delta rule 广义Delta规则,316,329
Democritus 德谟克利特,56
demons 鬼; see pandemonium 见鬼蜮模型
dendrites 树突,15,68-71,74,289,334
Dennett,D.丹尼特,3,53,152,223,236,242,270,353,359,392,401,411
depth problem 纵向难题,97,384
Descartes 笛卡尔,19,20,38,42,56-9,67,75,77,121,194
mechanical view of the body ~的身体机械观,57
on the distinction between mind and body ~的心身二元论,58,59
description theory of reference 指称描述理论,381
detector semantics 探测器语义.see simple detector semantics 见简单探测器语义
Devitt,M.德维特,188,249,271
dichotic listening task 双耳分析任务,211-12
digital computational theory of mind 心智的数字计算理论,79,105,171,173,178,179,181,183,189-271,275,330,331-3,362,366-7,371-4,389,391-2,394,407
relationship to brain ~与脑的关系,259-63
scope of ~的范围,263-5
dimming detector 调光探测器,96
Dinsmore,J.丁斯莫尔,329
direction of fit 适切方向,182,219,222,250
disjunction problem 析取难题,97-8,387,393
distributed representations 分布式表征,90,276,281,324,327,329,351,364
advantages ~的优点,323,324
fully distributed representations 完全 ~,318,351
quasi-distributed representation 准 ~,318,351
domain specificity 域特异性,218,222
Dretske,F.德雷兹克,223,388,393
Dreyfus,B.德莱夫斯,xvii,123
dualism 二元论,195,200-1,231,241
naturalistic 自然主义 ~,241
interactionist 交互作用 ~,194
Dunlop,C.丹洛普,9,417
E
Ebbinghaus,h.艾宾浩斯,33,333
Edelman,G.埃德尔曼,270,271
EDVAC (and EDVAC report),79,99n,133,148n effective calculability 有效计算,130,131
effective procedure 有效程序,131,340; see also algorithm 亦见算法
Ehrenberg,C.艾伦贝尔,68
Einstein,A.爱因斯坦,126,132
eliminativism 取消论,196,372,378,380,381,382,391,393
ELIZA,107,122,228
Elman,J.埃尔曼,302,303,304,328
Emotional Congruity 情绪吻合,29
Empedocles 恩培多克勒,55
empiricism 经验主义,16,36,105; see also British Empiricists 亦见英国经验主义论者
ENIAC,133,151,251
entailment problem 蕴涵问题; see problem of logical relations 见逻辑关系难题
epiphenomenalism 副现象轮,195
equipotency condition 等势情境,373-4,391
equipotentiality 等势性,71-2,77,86
error 误差
defined ~定义,313
Etchemendy,J.艾切曼第,151,413
excitation 兴奋,44,80,82,289,290,293,295,306,334,360,384
exemplars 样本,276,332
expert systems 专家系统,121,139,152,365
explanatory gap 解释鸿沟,240-1,267,270
Eysenck,M.艾森克,176
F
face network 面孔网络,308-13
facilitated relearning 迅捷再学习,366
Fancher,R.范切尔,53,60,66,71
Farmer,A.法莫,224
fault tolerance 容错性,324,353
feedforward networks 前馈网络,276,301
Feigenbaum,E.费根鲍姆,122,123,142,152,161,162,163,165,167,175,270
Feldman,E.费尔德曼,123,270
Feldman,J.费尔德曼,319,328,329,334,363
Ferrier,D.费里尔,66
Fetzer.J.费策尔,9
Field,h.菲尔德,205,223
Fikes,R.菲克斯,121
Finger,S.费英格尔,57,62,63,64,66,68,69,77
Flanagan,O.弗拉纳根,10,36,53,54,270
Flohr,h.弗洛尔,358
Flourens,M.弗洛伦斯,62,71
Focalized recall 聚焦回忆,30
Fodor,J.福多,xvii,78,97,l00n,121,186,187,188,190,191,193,203,215,217,218,219,222,223,224,233,245,249,264,265,271,339,362-7,387,390,391,393,399,400,402,405,411
Fodors Fork 福多之叉,362,366-7
folk psychology 常识心理学,186,337,371,372,376,378,379,380,383,393; see also propositional attitudes 亦见命题态度
formality constraint 形式约束,187-8,205,220-1,246,249-50
Forster,K.福斯特,xvii,229
frames 框架,106,155,160,164,165,166,168,169,171,175,176,321,373
Franklin,S.富兰克林,393,408,409,412
Frege,G.弗雷格,157-8,179,180,181,183,188,219,222
French,R.法兰奇,270
Freud 弗洛伊德,10,37,54
Fritsch,G.弗里奇,66
full-blown consciousness 完整意识,238-9,242
functional role 功能作用,203-5,221,250
short-armed vs.long-armed 短距 ~ vs.长距 ~,204; see also conceptual role semantics 亦见概念作用语义
functionalism 功能主义,197-205,220-1,239,250
short-armed vs.long-armed短距 ~ vs.长距 ~,250; see also machine functionalism 亦见机器功能主义
G
Galanter,E.加兰特尔,15,48,49,51,53
Galen 盖伦,56
Gall,F.高尔,60-2,63,64,76,77,78,218,219
Gandy,R.甘迪,151
Gardner,h.加德纳,6,10,53,54,78,123,419
Garfield,J.加菲尔德,10,224
Garrett,M.加勒特,xvii,211
Garzon,M.加尔松,408,409
Gazzaniga,M.加札尼加,11,209,211,419
Gelman,S.盖尔曼,224
generalization 泛化/归纳,39,52,90,324,333,365-6
generalized delta rule 广义Delta规则; see delta learning 见delta学习
Generic Empiricist Associationism 一般经验联结主义,16
Gestalt psychology 格式塔心理学,10,37
Glymour,C.格利默,151,222,412
goat network 山羊网络,299,300,301
Godel,K.哥德尔,130,157,158
Goel,V.戈尔,412
Goldberg,S.高德伯格,10,223,271
Goldman,A.戈德曼,xvii,10,270,271
Golgi 高尔基,34,68,69,70,71,76
Goschke,T.高施克,329
graceful degradation 渐次衰减,324,333,335,353,362,365
Graham,G.格雷汉姆,10
Graham,p.格雷汉姆,xvii
Graubard,S.格劳巴德,271
Greenwood,J.格林伍德,393
Gross,C.格罗斯,151
Guttenplan,S.古滕普兰,10
Guzeldere,G.居泽尔德雷,223,270
h
haberland,K.哈伯兰德,316,328
habit 习惯,27,29
halliday,M.哈利迪,117
halting problem 停机问题,158,409
hameroff,S.哈莫罗夫,270
hanson,S.汉森,392
hard problem 难问题,240-1,270,348
hardy 哈代,126
harlow,h.哈洛,43
harman,G.哈尔曼,223
harnish,R.哈尼什,224,271,412
hartley,D.哈特莱,19,33,40
hatfield,G.哈特菲尔德,77
haugeland,J.,霍格兰德,10,130,138,143,151,176,341,346
hawking,S.霍金,361
hayes,p.海耶斯,176
hebb,D.赫伯,25,72,73,74,75,77,289,301,308,312,316,327,335
hebbian learning 赫伯式学习,308,312,316
hebbs postulate 赫伯假设,73
heims,S.海姆斯,152
hendricks,S.亨德里克斯,xvii
hernstein,R.赫恩斯坦,53
hewitt,G.海威特,117,176
hidden units 隐层单元,290
hierarchical cluster analysis 层级聚类分析,285-6,322,333,380
hierarchical organization of behavior 行为的分层结构,49
“higher-order” theories of consciousness 意识的“高阶”理论; see meta-consciousness 见元意识
hildreth,E.海德里斯,321
hilgard,E.希尔加德,41,53
hillis 希利斯,364
hillix,M.希里克斯,35,53
hinton,G.辛顿,306,329
hirschfeld,L.赫希菲尔德,224
“historical-causal chain” theory of reference 指称“历史-因果链”理论,381
hitzig,E.西齐格,66
hobbes,T.霍布斯,17,19,22,32
hodges,A.霍奇斯,126,151
hofstadter,D.霍夫施塔特,122n,270
“holism” argument 整体性论证,376,378,391
hooke,R.胡克,66
horgan,T.霍根,176,329
hornik,K.霍尼克,409,412
horst,S.霍斯特,271
hubel,D.休贝尔,72,l00n
human-like learning 类似于人的学习,366
hume,David 休谟,17,19,20-2,34n,36,105,179,180,182,219,222,336
hunt,M.亨特,36,53,54
hybrid theory 混合理论,346
I
identity theory 同一性理论 see physicalism 物理主义
imitation game 模仿游戏; see Turing test 见图灵测试
implementation,117,343,362-7,370-1,390-2,401
Ince,D.恩斯,353,354,355,356
information processing 信息加工,3,5,15,37,43,46-8,52,139,178,231,339,363,400,411
inheritance hierarchy 继承层次,162
inhibition 抑制,80-2,279,281,290,295,306,334,360,384
innate ideas 天赋观念,19,20
input systems 输入系统,215-17,222,224,339
input units 输入单元,290
input vector 输入矢量,297-9,301,306,309,327,408
intentionality 意向性,24,84,153,186,227-8,230-5,242-3,257-8,267,337,368,401
interactive activation and competition 交互激活竞争 275,276
interpretational semantics 解释语义学,109,172,176,203,215,222
introspection 内省,15,24,33,34,38,39,229
intuitive knowledge 直觉知识,339
intuitive processing 直接加工,339,344,346,348,357
intuitive processor直觉处理器,321
Ittelson,B.伊特尔森,xvii
J
Jackson,F.杰克逊,10,97,223,237,238,240,243,270,271,393
Jacob,p.雅各布,222
James,W.詹姆斯,10,15,19,20,23-36,39,40-2,44,77,80,326n,335,336
James neuron 詹姆斯神经元,26,80
Jeffrey,R.杰弗里,151,176,177,412
Jets and Sharks,275-7,287-8,332,337,350,370
Johnson-Laird,p.约翰逊-莱尔德,9
K
Kandel,E.坎德尔,78
Karmiloff-Smith,A.卡米洛夫-史密斯,224
Keane,M.基恩,176
Keil,F.凯尔,9
Kilian,J.基利安,409
Kim,J.金姆,10,222,223,270,271,358
Klahr,D.克拉尔,223
Kobes,B.科比,122
Koelliker 柯力克,68,70
Khler,W.科勒,41
Koppelberg,S.科佩尔伯格,329
Kosslyn,S.科斯林,11,233,392
Kuhn,T.库恩,289
Kurtzweil,R.克兹维尔,152
L
Lackner,J.莱克纳,211
Laird,J.莱尔德,223
Lambda-calculus Lambda-演算,130
Lambda-definability Lambda定义,130,131
language of thought 思维语言,186,190-3,201,206-7,220,222,244-5,331-2,374,399
Larson,T.拉森,xvii
Lashley,K.拉什利,43,44,45,49,52,53,71,72,77,289,335,421
Lavine,S.拉维恩,xvii
law of effect 效果律,41,52
law of exercise 练习律,41,52
Leahey,T.黎黑,44,46,47,53
learning rate 学习速率,283,308,309,311,312,313,314
LeDoux,J.雷道克斯,209,211
Leeuwenhoek 列文虎克,66
Lehman,J.雷曼,224
Lentin,A.莱汀,151
Lepore,E.莱波雷,10,223,271
Lettvin,J.勒特文,72,79,95,96,99,102
levels of computation 计算层,404-7
Levesque 利维斯克,176
Levine,D.列文,328,329
Levine,J.列文,240,270
linear separability 线性分离,90,91,94,101,316-17
and the Delta rule ~与Delta规则,316
linguistics 语言学,1,2,3,4,7,8,48
Lisker,L.里斯科,229
LISp,117,131
local representations 局部表征,276,279,281,318,319,323,327,351
problems with ~问题,319
location addressability 位置寻址性,324
Locke,John 洛克,16,17,19,20,21,22,23,34,36,105,222
Loewer,B.洛伊维尔,271
logic 逻辑,15,20,79,81,84,100,106,151,155,157,158,175,176,177,259,263,373,400,412
logical behaviorism 逻辑行为主义,195-6
Logical Computing Machine 逻辑计算机器,355
logical positivism 逻辑实证主义,41
Lormand,E.洛曼德,270
Ludlow,p.鲁德洛,36
Luger,G.卢格尔,270
luminous room 发光小屋,234-5,266-7,270
Lutz,R.鲁茨,329
Lycan,W.赖肯,10,223
Lyons,J.莱昂斯,xvii
M
machine functionalism 机器功能主义,185-6,201,202,204,221,223
machine table 工作台/程序表,15,127,128
Maloney,J.马罗尼,xvii,222,270
Marcel,A.马塞尔,270
Mark I perceptron 感知器Mark I,89
Marr,D.马尔,5,10,223,321,400,401,402,411
Marrs “tri-level” hypothesis 马尔的三层次假设,5,400-1
Marx,M.马克斯,35,53
mass action 整体活动,71,72
Massaro,D.马萨罗,393
materialism 唯物主义; see physicalism 见物理主义
Maturana,h.马图拉纳,79,95
McClamrock,R.麦克莱姆洛克,176
McClelland 麦克莱兰德,J.,276,277,288,295,299,306,319,321,328,329,334,335,350,358,384,385,386,392,393
McCorduck,p.麦科杜克,123
McCulloch,G.麦卡洛克,36,77,222
McCulloch,W.麦卡洛克,15,79,80,82,86,90,93,95,99n,100,101,102,408
McCulloch and pitts neuron 麦卡洛克与皮茨神经元,81,82
McDermott,D.麦克德莫特,175,176
McDonald,C.麦克唐纳,329
McDonald,G.麦克唐纳,329
McGinn,C.麦克吉恩,240,271
McLaughlin 麦克劳克林,B.,337,366,367,392
McLeod,p.麦克劳德,102,328,392
McTeal,M.麦克蒂尔,122
means-end reasoning 方法-目的推理,31-2
memory 记忆
indirect vs.direct (or random) 间接与直接(或任意)记忆,148
location addressable vs.content addressable 位置寻址与内容寻址 ~,148
meta-cognition 元认知,236
meta-consciousness 元意识,209,211,223,236
Metropolis 米卓波利斯,152
microfeatures 微特征,321-2,338
Mill,James 密尔,18
Mill,J.S.密尔,18,19,20
Miller,G.米勒,2,15,47,48,49,51,53
Mills,S.米尔斯,35,358
mind-body problem 心-身问题,3,39,40,135,185,193-8,202,223,225,265,331
Minsky,M.明斯基,79,82,85,90,99n,102,123,130,151,152,164,165,176,250,393,409,412
misrepresentation problem 错误表征难题; see “disjunction problem” 见析取问题
modes of presentation 呈现模式,191-3; see also aspectual shapes 亦见表象形态
modularity 模块性,138,143-4,160,186,215-14,376,378,382
hard vs.soft 硬与软 ~,217,218
internal vs.external 内部与外部 ~,217
modus ponens 取式,159,160
Moody,T.穆迪,10
Morris,R.莫里斯,329
moving edge detector 运动探测器,96
Mr Bubblehead 空想先生,188,200,220
Müller-Lyer 缪勒-莱尔,216
multidimensional scaling 多维排列,322
multiple realizability 多重可实现性,85,185,220,252,269
MYCIN,121
Myolopoulos,J.米奥罗普洛斯,176
N
Nadel,L.纳德尔,xvii,329
Nagel,T.内格尔,237,240,241,243,423
narrow cognitive theory 狭义认知理论,249
narrow content 窄内容,186,249,250,271,427
“natural kinds” argument “自然种类”论证,377,378,391
natural language processing 自然语言处理,107,119,121-2
Neisser,U.奈瑟,46,52,147
nerve impulse 神经冲动,74-5
nerve-net theory 神经网状理论,66-9
NETtalk,275-6,280-3,286-8,293,303,318-19,322,332-3,335,336,350,380,387,410
neural architecture hypothesis 神经结构假设,344
neural level 神经层,25,33,50,73,321,338-9,341,344,348-9,362
Neural Networks 神经网络 see connectionist networks 见联结主义网络
Neuro-Logical tradition 神经-逻辑传统,15,79-85
neuron doctrine 神经元理论,15,66,68,70-1,73,76,77,426
neuroscience 神经科学,3,7,10,11,33,55,60,70,78,139,185,338,349,360,362,392
Newell,A.纽厄尔,9,38,139,140,141,152,186,223,258,349,396,397,411,412
Newton 牛顿,20,57
Nietzsche,Friedrich 尼采,16
Nilsson,N.尼尔森,102,121
“no-cause” problem “非原因”问题,384-6
Norman,D.诺曼,2,52,176
O
Oaksford,M.奥卡斯福特,392
occurrent beliefs 现时信念,379
Odifreddi,p.奥蒂弗莱迪,151,412
one hundred step rule (100-step rule) 100步规则,334-5,363,390
open sentence 开放句,158,159
Oppenheimer,R.欧本海默,132
orthogonal vectors 正交矢量,301,312
Osherson,D.奥舍森,9
output activation 输出激活,290,291,309,312,313
output units 输出单元,290
output vector 输出矢量,297,298,299,327,408
p
pandemonium 鬼蜮模型,106,144,145,146,147,148,150,152,289,335
papert,S.帕佩尔特,79,85,90,393
parallel distributed processing 并行分布加工;see connectionist networks 见联结主义网络
parallel processing 并行加工,90,144,363,369
partial recall 部分回忆,27
partridge,D.帕特里奇,176,420,424
psztor,.帕斯特,xvii
psztor,C.帕斯特,xvii
pattern associator 样式联结器,295,305-6
pattern completion 完备样式,305,324,347
pavlov,I.巴甫洛夫,33,38,39,40,42,53,289,335,424
penrose,R.彭罗斯,151,236
perceptron convergence theorem 感知收敛定理,89,93-4,101
perceptrons 感知器,15,79,85-94,100-2,147,289,306,335
organization of ~的结构,87-8
pessin,A.派欣,10,223,271
phenomenal consciousness 现象意识,208,209,223,236,241,263
philosophy 哲学,1,2,3,4,7,8,10,19,20,23,36,53,56,57,67,186,271,381,382
phrenology 颅相学,60,61,62,75
physical symbol system hypothesis 物理符号系统假设,186-7,396,411
physicalism 物理主义,196-8,200-2,220,240
token physicalism 殊型物理主义,196-7
type physicalism 类型物理主义,196-7
piaget,Jean 皮亚杰,37
pineal gland,57,59
pitts,W.皮茨,15,79,80,82,86,90,93,95,99n,100,101,102,408
pléh,C.普莱赫,xvii
plunkett,K.普朗克特,328
pohl,I.波勒,134,152
posner,M.波斯纳,10
post,E.波斯特,139
predicate calculus 谓词演算,106,155,174,176,208,246
pribram,K.普利布拉姆,15,48,49,51,53
primary qualities 基本属性,20-1
principle of introspection 内省原则,228-9
principles of association 联想原则,16,17,22,24,25,34
problem of logical relations 逻辑关系难题,173,177,203,249,387
problem of representations 表征难题,153,318
procedural semantics 过程语义,117
production systems 产生式系统,106,139-43,150,152,185,223,346,365
compared with von Neumann machines ~与冯·诺依曼机的比较,143
productivity 产生性,192-3,220,222
program 程序
definition of ~的定义,124
proper treatment of connectionism 联结主义的恰当定位(pTC),337,338,340,344-51,357,358,359
and cognition ~与认知,348,349
and consciousness ~与意识,348
and content ~与内容,350
property dualism 属性二元论,198
propositional attitudes 命题态度,180-3,186-8,190,219,220,222,239,263,264,265,271,331,371-83,391; see also eliminativism 亦见取消论
propositional modularity 命题模块性,373,378-82,391,393
prototype extraction 原型提取,366
proudfoot,D.普拉德福特,358
psycholinguistics 心理语言学,7
purkyne,J.浦肯野,67,68
putnam,h.普特南,2,185,186,246,247,248,258,271,412
pylyshyn,Z.派利夏恩,9,10,126,134,139,143,193,222,264,362-7,390,391,401,402,411
Q
qua problem 质性难题,97,173,388
qualia 感受质性,237,238,239,243,270,271,389
quantifiers 量词,114,156-8
Quine,W.奎因,382
Quinlan,p.昆兰,94,102,161,176,328,393
Quinn,L.奎恩,xvii
R
radical behaviorism 激进行为主义,195
Ramsey,W.拉姆塞,322,329,358,373-83,393
Ratcliff,R.拉特克利夫,393
recency 新近性,27,29
recoding 转录,47,48
recurrent networks 循环网络,301-4,336
recursive functions 递归函数,130
Reeke,G.瑞克,271
reflex arc 反射弧,50,57
regularity detector 规则探测器,305
Reid,T.里德,61
relative refractory period 相对不应期,75
representational theory of mind 心智的表征理论,105,179,187,219,220,222,275,330
representationas 作为什么而表征,388,392,393
Rey,G.雷伊,10,177,222,223,232,270,271,393
Rich,E.里奇,175,176
right cause problem 真实原因难题,97,173,384-6,392
Rolls,E.罗尔斯,392
“rose and goat” network “玫瑰-山羊”网络,299-301
rose network 玫瑰网络,296-300,335
Rosenberg,J.罗森伯格,358,393
Rosenblatt,E.罗森布拉特,79,85,86,87,88,89,90,93,99n,100,101,102
Rosenfeld,E.罗森菲尔德,85,102
Rosenthal,D.罗森塔尔,223
Rumelhart 鲁梅尔哈特,D.,176,277,288,295,299,305,306,319,321,328,329,334,335,350,358,371,384,385,386,392,393
Russell,B.罗素,99n,157,158,179,180,181,183,188,219,222,237
Russian reflexology 俄罗斯生理学,38
S
Schank 尚克,R.,176,228,229
Schneider,W.施耐德,289,328
Schooler,J.斯古勒,270
Schwartz,J.施瓦茨,271,392
scripts 脚本,106,160,165,166,167,168,169,171,175,176
Seager,W.西格,270
Searle,J.塞尔,xvii,181,182,222,227-35,241-4,251-9,266-71,367-71,391,410-12
Sechenov,L.谢切诺夫,38,426
secondary qualities 次性,21
Segal,G.塞加尔,222,224
Sejnowski,T.谢诺沃斯基,11,240,280,282,283,284,285,380
self-consciousness 自我意识,209
Selfridge,O.塞尔弗里奇,144,145,146,147
semantic networks 语义网络,106,155,160-3,171,175,176,276,373,387
semantic rules 语义规则,110,156,174
semantically effectual representations 语义有效表征,351,352,357
sensory transducers 感知传感器,215,221,336
Seok,B.薮科,xvii
Shannon,C.申农,46
Sharp,D.夏普,99n,102,271
Shaw,A.肖,134,152,424
Shear,J.施尔,270
Shepherd,R.谢菲尔德,68,69,70,71,77,78
Sherrington 谢灵顿,34,41,70
Shortliff,E.肖特列夫,121
ShRDLU,106-8,116-22,228,338,341,352
limitations of ~的局限,119-21
organization of ~的结构,116-18
Siegelmann,h.西格尔曼,409
Simon,h.西蒙,38,139,152,186,223,258,349,396,412
simple connectionist detector semantics (SCDS) 简单联结主义探测器网络,350,351,358,383,385,392,393
simple detector semantics 简单探测器语义,95,97,101,173,203,383
problems with ~问题,97
“simple” ideas “简单”观念,17,20,22
simulation representation 模拟表征,172
Skinner,B.斯金纳,41,42,44,45,48,52,53
Sloan Report 斯隆报告,1,3,4,7
Smith,L.史密斯,10,53,393
Smolensky,p.斯莫琳斯基,321,322,329,331,338,340-7,349,351,356n,357-9,365,371,382,393
Soar,223,224
soft constraints 软约束,344,365,390
Sontag,E.桑塔格,409
Sorensen,p.索伦森,175
Spencer,h.斯宾塞,18
“split brain” patients 裂脑人,209-13
spontaneous trains of thought 无意识思维轨迹,30
spread problem 横向问题; see qua problem 见特征问题
spreading activation 激活扩散,161,163
Spurzheim 施普尔茨海姆,60,62,76,77
Squire,L.斯奎尔,11
S-R theory S-R理论; see behaviorism 见行为主义
stability problem 稳定性难题,409
Stabler,E.斯特布勒,404,405,406,410,411,412
standing beliefs 持久相信,242,379
statistical inference 统计推理,344
Staugaard,A.斯道伽德,161,162,165,168,176
Sterelny,K.斯特林,10,329
Stich,S.斯蒂克,188,271,380,381,382,393
Stillings,N.斯蒂林,9,78,328
stimulus-response psychology 刺激-反应心理学; see behaviorism 见行为主义
Stone,J.斯通,l00n
strong AI 强人工智能,227-35,255,266,267,268,270,368-71
strong equivalence 强等价,125,126
subconcepts 次概念; see microfeatures 见微特征
subconceptual level 次概念层; see “subsymbolic level” 见次符号层
subsymbolic hypothesis 次符号假设,343
subsymbolic level 次符号层,321,338,348,349
relationship to neural level 神经层与 ~的关系,345
subsymbolic paradigm 次符号程式,340,342-4,346,347,352
superimposed networks 叠加网络,299
supervenience 随附性,197-9,202,223,350
generic mind-body supervenience 一般心-身随附性,198
supervised learning 监督学习,306,308
symbolic paradigm 符号程式,340,341,343,344,346,348
synapses 突触,15,41,66,70,71,73,74,75,80,289,334,368,408
synaptic knob 突触节点,74
syntactic cognitive theory 句法认知理论,249
syntactic rules 句法规则,156,158,174
“syntax has no causal powers” arguments “句法不具因果力”的论证,257-9
“syntax is not intrinsic to the physics” arguments “句法不是内在物理属性”的争论,252-7
systematicity 系统性,192-3,217,220,222
T
Tarski,A.塔斯基,177
Tennant,h.坦南特,122
“tensor product” representations “张积量表征”,322
Thagard,p.萨伽德,10,176,356n
Thompson,B.汤普逊,xvii
Thorndike,E.桑代克,33,40,41,52
three-layer feed forward network 三层前馈网络,276
thresholds 阈值,79,82,282,288,292,326,331
Tienson 泰森,J.,329,331
token physicalism 殊型物理主义,197,200,201
Tolman 托尔曼,50
total recall 整体回忆,26
TOTE units TOTE(Test-Operation-Test-Exit,测试-操作-测试-输出)单元,15,49-53
Tremblay,J.-p.特伦布莱,175
Treves,A.特里夫斯,392
Turing,A.图灵,15,84,85,105,106,126,127,129-31,133,138,139,148n,149,151,158,183-7,201,204,221-6,228,231,251,258,266,268,270,349,353-8,370,396,409,410,412
Turing machine 图灵机,15,84,126,127,129,131,138,139,143,148,149,150,151,184,185,251,258,340,353,355,356,370,393,396,409
computability ~可计算性,131
universal 通用 ~,129-31,185,187,396
Turing test 图灵测试,127,183,225,226,231
Turings theorem 图灵论题,185
Twin Earth 孪生地球,247,248
two-factor theory of content 内容的双因素理论,250,271
U
unconditioned response 非条件反射,38
unconscious rule interpretation hypothesis 无意识规则解释假设,341
unitary architectures 单一结构,213
UNIVAC,151
universal practical computing machine (UpCM) 普适计算机器,356
universal realiability 普遍可实现性; see “syntax is not intrinsic to the physics” arguments 见“句法不是内在物理属性”的争论
unorganized machines 非组织机器,353-6,357,358
unsupervised learning 无监督学习,306
competitive 竞争 ~,306,328
V
Valentin 瓦伦丁,67,68
Valentine,E.瓦伦泰,358,427
Van Gelder,T.凡·吉尔德,329,358
variables 变量,42,86,156-8
vector transformation 矢量转化,297,331
Verschure,p.沃什彻尔,288
vital spirits 生命精气,56
vividness 新奇性,29
voluntary trains of thought 随意思维轨迹,30
von Eckhardt,B.冯·艾克卡特,10,393,397,412
von Neumann,J.冯·诺依曼,79,99n,106,126,132,133,134,135,138,139,143,144,148n,149,150,152,185,201,213,214,231,232,255,259,263,340,353,396,407
von Neumann machines 冯·诺依曼机,133,135,144,149,150,188,214,232,255,346
comparison to Turing machines ~与图灵机的比较,138,139
W
Waldeyer,W.沃尔德耶,70,71,77
Walker,S.沃克,358
Waltz,D.华尔兹,122n,123
Wang,h.王,131
Warfield 沃菲尔德,T,366,380,381,382,392,393
Wasserman,p.沃瑟曼,102,271,328,329
Watson,J.华生,33,39,40,41,44,52
weak AI 弱人工智能,227,268
weak equivalence 弱等效,125,126,131,139,251
of serial and parallel machines 串行与并行机器 ~,369,370
Weaver,W.维沃,46
Weisenbaum,h.魏曾鲍姆,228
Weiskrantz,L.韦斯克兰茨,238
Wernicke,C.维尔尼克,65-6,76,361
Weyl 外尔,126,132
“what it is like” 是其所是的样子; see consciousness,phenomenal 见意识,现象的
White,R.怀特,151
Whitehead,A.怀特海,99n,157,158
wide cognitive theory 宽认知理论,249
wide content 宽内容,249,250,258,263,268,271
Wiesel 威舍尔,72,l00n
Wilks,Y.维尔克斯,122
Wilson,F.威尔逊,36
Wilson,R.威尔逊,9
Winograd,T.威诺格拉德,108,116-22,176,228
Wittgenstein,L.维特根斯坦,180
Woods,W.伍兹,176
Wundt 冯特,23,33,39
X
XOR 异或,90-4,101,102,317,386,392
Y
Young,R.杨,36,61,77
Z
Zemel,R.泽梅尔,xvii