参考文献

有关刚果殖民时期最全面的现代学术参考文献，请查阅《扎伊尔殖民历史（1880～1960）：1960～1996年出版的作品》（Bibliographie historique du Zaire à l’époque coloniale（1880-1960）：travaux publiés en 1960-1996 ）（比利时鲁汶：非洲历史调查和档案，1996），编辑：Jean-Luc Vellut。下面是我参考的一些作品。

硬性地遵守按字母顺序排列的规则无法真正体现其他作者对我完成本书给予的帮助，因此，我首先要感谢让我受益最多的作品。

这段历史的一些中心人物撰写的一手资料包括以下作者的文字材料：国王阿方索一世、罗杰·凯斯门特、约瑟夫·康拉德、威廉·谢泼德、亨利·莫顿·斯坦利、乔治·华盛顿·威廉姆斯、E.D.莫雷尔。目前还没有一个有关利奥波德二世数量庞大、信息量丰富的信件和回忆录的汇编，但关于利奥波德二世的数百份文字材料已被埃多尔德·范德尔·斯密森（Édouard Van der Smissen）公开发表于《利奥波德二世和贝尔纳特：未公布的1884～1894年的信件》（Léopold II et Beernaert：d’après leur correspondance inédite de 1884 à 1894 ）。一些材料的复印件还可以见于弗朗索瓦·邦廷克（François Bontinck）编写的《刚果自由邦的起源》（Origines de l’État Indépendant du Congo ）。这是一本有关刚果早期信件和文件的重要汇编。罗伯特·贝内德托（Robert Benedetto）新出版的文件汇编让我们第一次可以便利地看到长老会传教士发表的大量人权主题的文章。

大多数重要的欧洲和美洲人物——不过不包括非洲人——都有人为他们写传记。我尤其参考了约翰·比尔曼（John Bierman）和弗兰克·麦克莱恩（Frank McLynn）撰写的有关斯坦利的传记、布赖恩·英格利斯（Brian Inglis）和B.L.雷德（B. L. Reid）著的有关凯斯门特的传记，还参考了凯瑟琳·克莱因（Catherine Cline）、A.J.P.泰勒（A.J.P. Taylor）、F.塞缪尔·库克斯（F. Seymour Cocks）、W’S.亚当斯（W’S. Adams）关于莫雷尔的研究作品（虽然对于莫雷尔这个人来说，这些作品都不够全面）。约翰·霍普·富兰克林撰写的乔治·华盛顿·威廉姆斯传记让威廉姆斯不再默默无闻，为我第8章的写作提供了大量素材。在有关利奥波德的众多传记里，芭芭拉·爱默森（Barbara Emerson）、尼尔·阿舍森（Neal Ascherson）写的传记至关重要；大多数有关这位国王家庭生活的材料来自国王的两位助手——古斯塔夫·施廷格汉布尔（Gustave Stinglhamber）、卡顿·德·维亚特（Carton de Wiart）男爵的回忆录。

托马斯·帕克南（Thomas Pakenham）的《瓜分非洲》（The Scramble for Africa ）从外交角度全面概括了那个阶段。他以小说家的独到眼光对大量细节的把握让我受益匪浅。在写本书序言的过程中，彼得·福巴夫（Peter Forbath）的《刚果河》（The River Congo ）给了我不少灵感。福巴夫是为数很少的意识到国王阿方索一世一生的戏剧性与悲情色彩的作家之一。最近几十年来大量的学术性书籍为我提供了海量资料。其中，露丝·斯莱德（Ruth Slade）、罗伯特·哈姆斯（Robert Harms）、斯坦利·沙洛夫（Stanley Shaloff）、S.J.S.库奇（S.J.S. Cookey）、戴维·拉格尔格伦（David Lagergren），以及吉恩·斯滕格的很多研究作品对我帮助很大。雅克·维勒盖特（Jacques Willequet）的《比利时治下的刚果和世界政策（1894～1914）》［Le Congo Belge et la Weltpolitik（1894-1914） ］提供了所有有关利奥波德贿赂媒体的有趣材料。

最后，几位比利时人为已成为常态的，对那几十年刚果历史的粉饰带来了一个可喜的变化。丹尼尔·范格文（Daniel Vangroenweghe）的《带血的藤蔓》（Du Sang sur les Lianes ）表现出作者强烈的愤慨，给予我很大帮助。盖伊·德·伯克（Guy De Boeck）关于公安军的研究指出，这些游击战是后来超过半个世纪的反殖民游击战争的先声。朱尔斯·马沙尔撰写的法文版4卷本刚果历史（1876～1910年）绝对是关于这一重要历史时期的最佳学术总结，在涉猎范围上具有百科全书的特点。这本书的无数个地方让我受益，并且我相信，对于未来研究这段历史的所有人来说，都会如此。

出版物资料来源

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3. A Report on the Congo-State and Country to the President of the Republic of the United States of America. Reprinted in Franklin，above.

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报纸和期刊

La Belgique Coloniale （Brussels）

Le Congo Illustré （Brussels）

The Congo News Letter （Boston）

Missionförbundet （Stockholm）

Le Mouvement Géographique （Brussels）

Official Organ of the Congo Reform Association （Liverpool，London）

Regions Beyond （London）

Southern Workman （Hampton，VA）

West African Mail ，later African Mail （Liverpool）

未出版资料和档案

Carroll，Murray Lee. Open Door Imperialism in Africa：The United States and the Congo，1876 to 1892. Ph.D.thesis.University of Connecticut.1971.

De Ryck，Maurice Martin. Zaire Colonial Documents Collection. University of Wisconsin.

Martens，Daisy S. A History of European Penetration and African Reaction in the Kasai Region of Zaire，1880-1908. Ph.D.thesis.Simon Fraser University.1980.

McStallworth，Paul. The United States and the Congo Question，1884-1914. Ph.D.thesis.Ohio State University.1954.

Normandy，Elizabeth L. Black Americans and U.S.Policy Toward Africa：Two Case Studies from the pre-World War Ⅱ Period. Ph.D.thesis.University of South Carolina.1987.

Procès-Verbaux de la Commission d’Enquête instituée par décret du 23 juillet 1904. Archives Africaines，Ministère des Affaires Etrangères，Brussels.（IRCB 717-718）.

Rom，Léon. Notes.Mes services au Congo de 1886 à 1908. Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale.（Document MRAC-Hist-56.28）.

Roth，Donald Franklin. “Grace Not Race ”：Southern Negro Church Leaders，Black Identity，and Missions to West Africa，1863-1919. Ph.D.thesis.University of Texas at Austin.1975.

Sheppard，William H.Papers. Hampton University，Hampton，Virginia.