索引
(页码为原书页码,即本书页边码)
A.B.I.R. See Anglo-Belgian India Rubber and Exploration Company
Abolitionists,104,203,207,211,277;Morel and,211,216
Aborigines Protection Society,50,92,173,188,197,206,238
Abyssinia,Emperor of,26
Achebe,Chinua,146-47
Achte,Father Auguste,128-29
Admirable Crichton,The (Barrie),154
Aerts,shipping executive,192
Affonso Ⅰ,king of the Kongo,11-15
Africa:travel writers in,4-5,29,147-48,185,236,237-38;early European exploration of sub-Saharan,6-8;European scramble for,26-27,74,255;19th-century explorers of,27;first European crossings of central,28,28n,42;Stanley describes as unpeopled,31;Stanley crosses central,47-51;abuses by other colonial powers in,280-83
African Americans:possible relocation to Africa,78,79-80,105,152-53,242;Williams’s history of,104;missionaries to the Congo,152-55,158,173,259-65. See also Douglass,Du Bois,Franklin,Sheppard,Washington,Williams
African chieftains:and rebellions against Congo rulers,125-26,128;selling men in the Congo,129-30,164
African enforcers:of European brutality in the Congo,122-23(see also Force Publique)
African land:Leopold’s appropriation of,117,187-88;Morel’s campaign against confiscation of,272-73
African records:by Affonso Ⅰ of the Kongo,13;lack of written,15;oral,15-16;Ilanga’s tale of slave raid,131-33
Africans:sexual stereotypes of,210
African slavery,9-11,119,301
African trade,13-15
Afro-Arab slave trade:European crusade against,27-28,30,38,42,57,78,92,130,299
Albert Ⅰ,king of the Belgians:as heir to throne,40,116,246;succeeds Leopold,266;opposes forced labor in the Congo,272
Albert,prince consort to Victoria,35
Alberta (yacht),255
Albert Memorial,London,27-28
Aldrich,Nelson W.,243-44,249
Almayer’s Folly (Conrad),141
American Congo Reform Association,241,249,272
American cotton trade:Africa and,79
American Indians,78,103,113,282
American missionaries to the Congo,152-55,158,173,259-65;on trial for exposing abuses,262-65
American Museum of Natural History,244
American South:slave trade to,11;white ambitions to relocate freed blacks to Africa,78,79-80,105,152-53,242
Amnesty International,306
Andersson,Karl Teodor,125
Anglo-American Expedition:Stanley’s,47-49
Anglo-Belgian India Rubber and Exploration Company(A.B.I.R.),160,162-63,189,227,230,253,271
Angola,8,280
animism,74
Answer to Mark Twain,An ,242
Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society,273,305
Anti-Slavery Conference,1889,92-95,105
Anti-Slavery International,305-6
Anti-Slavery Society,50,188,305
antiwar movement,WWⅠ,287-91
apartheid system,277
Apocalypse Now (film),143,234
“Arab” slave trade:European crusade against,27-28,30,38,42,57,78,92,130,299
Archiduchesse Stéphanie (steamboat),250
Armenia,168,211,222
Arthur,Chester A.,75-77,78,79,80,105
artwork:of Congo peoples,73-74;of the Kuba,156-57
Associated Press,251
Augusta,consort of Wilhelm Ⅱ,222n
Australian aborigines,282
Bahr-el-Ghazal copper mines,167
Baka Baka station,125
Baptista,Pedro,28n
Baptist missionaries:to the Congo,211,216,260
Baptist Missionary Society,191
Baring,Sir Evelyn,113
Baringa post,217-18
Barker,Frederick,49,52
Barrie,James,154
Barttelot,Edmund,98,145
Baruch,Bernard,243
Basoko people,54
Baudouin,king of the Belgians,301
Beernaert,Auguste,224
beheadings in the Congo,145,196,197,234
Belgian Congo:transfer of Leopold’s property to,257-59,272,276;Morel continues crusade on abuses in,271-72;decline in reports of abuses in,277-79;taxation in,278;mining in,278-79. See also Congo Free State
Belgian press:attacks Williams,112-13;celebrates Leopold’s railway,185;counters Casement’s brutality reports,204
Belgian royal family,33,40,266
Belgian colonial textbooks,299-300
Belgium:creation of kingdom of,33;disinterest in colonialism,37-38,90;parliamentary government of,39,94;approves loan to Leopold for Congo enterprise,94-95,168;response to Williams’s charges on the Congo,112-13;colonial chauvinism in,136-37,175;socialist opposition to Leopold in,190;Leopold’s sale of colony to state,257-59;loan to Leopold missing,258-59,275-76;colonial administration of the Congo,271-72;heritage of Leopold’s Congo exploitation in,292-93;royal archives destroyed,294;as victim in WWⅠ,295-96 Belloc,Hilaire,90
Bennett,James Gordon Jr.,26,48,50,60,98;and search for Livingstone,29;African landmarks named for,48
Berlin Africa Society,83
Berlin Conference,1885,84-87,95
Bikoro village killings,227
birth control:among Congo peoples,73
birth rate:decline of,in Congo Free State,231-32
Bismarck,Otto von,74,83;negotiations with Leopold,83-84;colonial ambitions of,84-85
Bissell,Richard,302
Björnson,Björnstjerne,236
Black Death,232
Bleichröder,Gerson,83,85
Boa people,124
Boer War,174-75,235
Bokanga village:destruction of,228
Bolia people,74
Boma(town),47-48,56,115,134;as capital of the Congo,115;missionaries at,155;censorship office in,189-90;attempt to control missionaires from,217-18;transfer of Congo ownership at,259
Börrisson,C.N.,125-26
Boston Herald ,264
Boulger,Demetrius C.,239
Brasseur,Clément,234
Brazil:slave trade to,10,11,14;Casement as consul in,267-70
Brazzaville,281
Bricusse,Georges,123,161-62
Britain:and Leopold’s imperial ambitions,82;furor over killing of British citizen in the Congo,174;“Congo Question” raised in,194,195;recognition of Belgian Congo,272,273
British consular service,198
British Empire:industrialism in,27;slavery abolished in,27;campaign against slave trade,27-28;extent of,37,61;in Africa,42,74,86;Conrad’s support for,146;Morel’s support for,210;Leopold exposes abuses in,237;Morel exposes abuses in Africa,272-73
British explorers:in Africa,27;hostility to Stanley,31-32;and Congo death toll,229-30
British Foreign Office,2,50,85;Casement’s reports to,198,201,203-5,269-70
British humanitarianism:and Leopold,173-74,185,194;Morel in the tradition of,211-13;boycott Portuguese,258;contemporary,305-7
British radicalism,211
Brussels Geographical Conference,1876,43-46
Brussels Royal Museum of Central Africa,292-93
Budja people,124,192-93,227;death toll among,227
Bumba village,230
Burdett-Courts,Baroness Angela,43,66
Bureau of Comparative Legislation,Brussels,239
Burke,Lindsay,128
burning of villages,227-28,229-30
Burton,Richard,27,50
Bush,George H.W.,303
Buxton,Sir Thomas Fowell,44
Cadbury,William A.,213,216,269,273
Cameron,Verney Lovett,42,48
Cameroons,the,280,281-82
Canary Islands,168
Canisius,Edgar,131,192-93,229
cannibalism:African,16;Africans imagine European,16;of Congo peoples,73;hand severing and,166
Canterbury,archbishop of,2,273
Câo,Diogo,7-8,15,16
Caribbean slave trade,10
Carlos Ⅲ,king of Spain,36-37
Carlota,empress of Mexico,40-41,61;madness of,41,136;last years and death of,276
Caroline,Baroness de Vaughan,mistress of Leopold Ⅱ,221-24,255,256-57;marries king,265;inheritance of,266
Casement,Roger,192,195-208,219,232,244,251,277,305,306;appearance of,195;appointed consul to the Congo,195,197-99;early career of,195-96;friendship with Conrad,196-97,203,274;as witness to white men’s brutality in Africa,196-97;joins consular service,197;talking skills of,197;meets Leopold,197-98;as writer,199;homosexuality of,199-200,286;travels up the Congo River,200-203;diary of,202-3,204;reports on rubber terror,203-4;friendship with Morel,204-7,269,271,274;and Irish nationalist movement,267-68,284-87;as consul in Brazil,267-70;and Putumayo Indian cause,269-70;knighted,270;retirement from consular service,284;tried and executed for treason,285-87,288,290
castration of corpses,203
Catholic Church:missionaries of,8-9,12,14,17,133-35;Leopold employs support of,244
Caudron,Charles,220,250
Central Intelligence Agency(CIA),302,303
Century Magazine ,145
Cerckel,Léon,234
chains:used on laborers,119,130,279;used on children,135
Chaltin,Louis,161-62
Chicago Daily Tribune ,245
chicotte beatings,119,120-23,163,190,216,237,250,280
child labor:in the Congo,119;contemporary,305
child prostitution:contemporary,305
children of the Congo:laboring,119;beaten,120;as conscripts for Force Publique,190;starvation of,229
children’s colonies:in the Congo,133-35
China:Leopold’s colonial ambitions in,169-70
Chinese laborers:in the Congo,170-71
Chokwe people,124
Churchill,Winston,291
Clapham Sect,211
Clementine,Princess,daughter of Leopold Ⅱ,39,197,198n,275
Cleveland,Grover,105,157
clitoridectomies,73,305
cloth trade,13,16,79
Collier’s ,215
colonialism:Scramble for Africa and,26-27,74,82-84,212-13,255,272-73(see also individual African colonies) ;industrialism and,27;Leopold’s envy of other European,37-38;European justifications for,38-39;Leopold proposes pacification bases,45. See also specific colonies Columbus,Christopher,158
Commission for the Protection of the Natives,174-75,201-2,250
Commission of Inquiry,250-52,253,267,277,297-98;endorses Morel’s and Casement’s charges,251;reports of torture to,253-55;secreting of records of,297-98
Committee for the Protection of Interests in Africa,240
Committee for the Studies of the Upper Congo,64-65
Commoner (black newspaper),104
Compagnie du Kasai,260-65,283
Compagnie Internationale de Wagons-Lit,236
Compiègne,Marquis de,43
Complete Congo Controversy (Boulger),239
Conan Doyle,Sir Arthur,180,262,271,285;support for Congo reform,271-72,273
concentration camps:Nazi and Soviet,121,122,162-63,233-34,292,295
Congo,the:name associated with territory,66-67;independence of,301;history of modern,301-4. See also Belgian Congo;Congo Free State
Congo and the Founding of Its Free State (Stanley),81
Congo basin,17;economic potential of,61-62;inhabitants of,62,72-75;Stanley obtains trading treaties with chieftains of,71-72,74;kingdoms of,72-73(see also Kongo);traditions of peoples of,73;art of peoples of,73-74,293
Congo Free State:Morel’s crusade on abuses in,1-2,4,209-24,260(see also Morel);slave labor in,1-2,119-20(see also forced labor in the Congo);Mark Twain on,3,241-42;travel writers in,4-5;founding of,81-82,87;whites working in,89;technological needs to colonize,89-91;transportation in,90-91(see also railroads);Leopold’s funding for exploitation of,91-92;network of river stations in,101-2,116;Williams’s charges on brutality in,108-11,112-13(see also Williams);administered from Brussels,115-16;life of functionaries in,116-17;Leopold appropriates all “vacant” land in,117,188-89;shareholding in,117;venture capital in,117;command economy in,118;floggings in,120-23,163,190-91,216,237,250;African enforcers in,122-23;military rule in,123-29,163,179-80(see also Force Publique);pacification wars in,124-29;children’s colonies in,133-35;appeal of career in,for young Belgians,136-39;depicted in Heart of Darkness ,142-49;rubber wealth exploited in,160-66;hand severing in,164-66,172,173,191,203,226-27,254,259,260,266-67,272,296,305;Leopold issues bonds on,168;furor over killing of British citizen in,174;exhibits in Brussels from,175-76;Elder Dempster shipping contract for,177;journalists banned from,189;censorship in,189-90;duration of,225;death toll in,225-34;murder toll in,226-29;deaths from starvation,exhaustion,and exposure in,229-30;disease-related deaths in,230-31;birth rate decline in,231-32;population cut in half under Leopold’s rule,233;“Belgian solution” to,257-58,271;Leopold sells to state,258;Leopold’s absconding of profits from,258-59,275-76;intimidation and trial of missionaries in,260-65;under Belgian state administration,271-72;Leopold’s total of profits from,277;destruction of royal archives on,294;rationalization over atrocities in,295-96;Jules Marchal uncovers crimes in,296-99
Congo Greenhouse,Laeken,175
Congolese people:Pende,15;Basoko,54;Pygmies,72-73,176;Bolia,74;Budja,124,227;Chokwe,124;Boa,124;Sanga,124;Yaka,124;rebellions of,124-29,260-65,295;Kuba,156-57;exhibited in Belgium,176-77
“Congo Question”:raised in Britain,194,195
Congo Reform Association(C.R.A.),213,242,272;Morel forms,207-8;periodical of,212;Liverpool headquarters of,214;local branches of,216;international affiliates of,236;American branch of,241,249,272;final meeting of,273-74,277
Congo River:European discovery of,7-8;characteristics of,16-17,53,61-62;British exploration of,17-18;search for source of,42;Stanley charts course of,47-48,52-56;names for,54-55;tributaries of,54-55;rapids of,55-56;casualties of Stanley’s exploration of,56;economic potential of,61-62
Congo State …(Boulger),239
Conrad,Joseph,3,140-49,153-54,189,229,234,257,277,283,284,285,293,294;depiction of the Congo,3,142-49,229,284,294(see also Heart of Darkness );early life of,140-41;visits the Congo,141-46;friendship with Casement,196-97,203
Cookey,S.J.S.,113
copper mining,278,279
Coppola,Francis Ford,143,234
Coquéry-Vidrovitch,Catherine,280
Corriere della Sera ,239
Costermans,Paul,250
Courier de Bruxelles ,113
Crime of the Congo (Conan Doyle),271
“crimes against humanity”:Leopold accused of,112
Cross of Leopold,44
Crystal Mountains,18,56,63,68
cubism,73
Czetwertynski,Price Boris,236
d’Aarche,Count,151
Daily Express ,288
Daily Sketch ,288
Daily Telegraph (London),46,48,57
Davis,Richard Harding,215
death toll in the Congo,225-34,293
de Brazza,Count Pierre Savorgnan,70-71,74,95,281
debt bondage:contemporary,305
De Grez,Raymond,189
Delcassé,Théophile,256
Delcommune,Alexandre,277,278
De Le Court,Charles,136
Detiège,Albéric,166
Devos,Commandant,134
Dhanis,Baron Francis,129
Dickens,Charles,24-25
Dilke,Sir Charles,188
Disraeli,Benjamin,39
Douglass,Frederick,104
Du Bois,W.E.B.,104,283
Du Chaillu,Paul Belloni,27
Dulles,Allen,302
Dunlop,John,158
Dunlop Company,158
Durrieux,Antoine-Emmanuel,221,222-23,266
Dutch East Indies,37,61
Earp,Wyatt,246
Edison,Thomas,151
Egypt:Khedive of,36;Leopold’s colonial ambitions in,83. See also Nile
Ekuku,chief of Boiéka:witness to torture,253
Elder Dempster shipping firm,177-80,185-86,187,195;attempts to undermine Casement,204
elephant ivory trade,63-64,70,101-2,118,137
Elia,Giovanni,236
Elizabeth,Archduchess,grandchild of Leopold Ⅱ,266
Elst,Baron Léon van der,258
Emin Pasha,96-98,99-100,150
Emin Pasha Relief Expedition,97-100,141,152,196
English law:and humanitarian principles,280
État Indépendant du Congo. See Congo Free State
European slave traders,10-11,17,27
Evening Standard ,288
exhaustion:deaths from,229-30
explorers:earliest European in sub-Saharan Africa,6-8;African myths on,15-16;British and French in Africa,27-28;Leopold hosts conference of,43-46. See also de Brazza,Stanley
exposure:deaths from,229-30
Faris,Ellsworth,226
Federation for the Defense of Belgian Interest Abroad,240
female household slavery:contemporary,305
Ferry,Jules,82
Fiévez,Léon,166,226
floggings in the Congo,120-23,163,190,216,237,250;and rubber harvesting labor,163,190-91
forced labor in the Congo,1-2,119-20,125,129-35;for ivory trade,119-20,130-31(see also ivory trade);floggings and,120-23,163,190-91,237,250;rebellions against,124-29;for harvesting of rubber,161-62,190-91;Morel uncovers unpaid,180-81;death toll from,225-26;Morel continues campaign against,272;continues under Belgian administration,278;for mining,279
Force Publique,124,127-29,131,177,196,271,293;African soldiers in,127,129;conscription into,127,129,190,278;desertion and mutinies in,127,190;white officers of,127;eyewitness report of slave raid by,131-33;handling of orphans,134;appeal of career in,for Europeans,137-39;and rubber-harvesting labor,163-64,166,173;and hand-severing policy,164-66,172,173,226-27;and beheadings,196,197,234;toll from murders by,226-29;diaries kept by,227-28;sadism of,234;testimony to Commission of Inquiry on torture by,253-55;in WWⅠ,278;in final days of Belgian Congo,301
Ford,Ford Madox,147n,257
Fox Bourne,H.R.,173
France,Anatole,2,236
France:and Leopold’s imperial ambitions,82,95,167;involvement in the modern Congo,303. See also French Empire
Franklin,John Hope,114
Frelinghuysen,Frederick,78,79,81
French Congo:abuses in,280-81
French Empire,42,61;in Africa,70-71,74,86,95,280-81;abuses in,280-81
French Foreign Legion,138-39
Gaelic League,267
Galsworthy,John,273
Gantt,Lucy,158,265
Garfield,James A.,76
Garnett,Edward,142
Garrett,Thomas G.,249
Garrison,William Lloyd,104,211
Général Sanford (steamboat),93
genital mutilation,273;contemporary,305
genocide:in German West Africa,282. See also murders
Geographical Conference,Brussels,1876,43-46
German African colonies,83-84,128,280-82,294
German Cameroons,280,281-82
German concentration camps,121,122,225,295
German East Africa,174,278
German South West Africa:abuses in,281-82
Germany,36;Berlin Conference(1885),83-87;and Emin Pasha,100;Nazi concentration camps of,121,122,225,295;Leopold’s press campaign in,239-41;Casement and,in WWⅠ,284-85,288;in WWⅠ,Morel and,288-89;and atrocities against Belgians in WWⅠ,295-96
Gibbons,James Cardinal,244
Girault,Charles,256
Gladstone,William,149,167
Goffinet,Baron Auguste,266,275
gold mining,278-79
Goodyear,Charles,159
Gough-Roberts,Katie,29,32
Grant,Ulysses S.,58
Greindl,Baron Jules,59
Grenfell,George,114,201
Grey,Sir Edward,2,209,272
Grogan,Ewart S.,229-30
Guggenheim corporation,243
Gullah language,11
Gustaf Wasa,king of Sweden,126
Gwynn,Stephen,195
Hall,Dr.G.Stanley,241
hand severing in the Congo,164-66,172,173,226-27,254,259,260,266-67,272,296,305;missionary reports on,191;Casement reports on,203
hangings in the Congo,123,149
Harris,Alice Seeley,216,236,242,273,284,305
Harris,Rev. John,216,242,273,305
Harrison,Benjamin,107,153
Harrison,James,239
Hayes,Rutherford B.,105
head severings in the Congo,145,196,197,234
Hearst,William Randolph,248
Heart of Darkness (Conrad),3,142-49,229,284,294;models for Kurtz,144-46,147-49,197,229;racism in,146-47;indicting imperialism,146-49
Heath,Sir Leopold,44
Heaton,Dick,25
Hemptinne,Jean de,Bishop of Elizabethville,300-1
Hereros:genocide of,281-82,294
Herr,Michael,234
Higden,Ranulf,6
History of the Negro Race in America …(Williams),104
Hitler,Adolf,295
Holland:empire of,37;traders object to Leopold’s monopoly in the Congo,112
Holt,John,186,210,273,282
homosexuality:Victorian opprobrium of,199-200,286
hostage-taking:during rubber harvesting,161-62,189,230,231-32,236-37,250
House of Commons,London:resolution on the Congo,194,195,200;Stanley serves in,235;Leopold lobbies,238;Morel serves in,291
How I Found Livingstone (Stanley),29
humanitarian critics,188;of Stanley,50;of Leopold,173-74,185,194;Morel obtains support of,185,194,195,211-12,213;Morel in the tradition of British,211-13;boycott Portugal,258;English law and,280;contemporary,305-6
human rights movement:contemporary,305-6
Huntington,Collis P.,107,112,113
Ibn Khaldūn,304
Iboko:death toll in,232
Ifomi:victim of torture,253
Ifuca,capital of the Kuba,156,158
Ilanga:tells of slave raid,131-33
Ilange Kunda of M’Bongo:witness to torture,253
imperialism:indicted in Heart of Darkness ,146-49. See also colonialism
In Darkest Africa (Stanley),51
Indies,General Archive of the,37
industrialism:and colonialism,27
infections,90;deaths associated with,230-31
Inheritors,The (Conrad & Ford),147n,257
Inongo:death toll in,228,232
International African Association,Brussels,58,59,64,87;creation of,45
International Association of the Congo,65,66-67,78,81,84-85,87,105
Irish nationalist movement,267-68,284-85
Irish Volunteers,284
Italian consul to the Congo:confirms Casement’s reports,202
Ituri rain forest:Stanley explores,97-99
ivory trade,63-64,70,101-2,118,137;porters for,119-20,130-31;described by Conrad,143-45
Jacques,Jules,228-29
Java;or How to Manage a Colony (Money),37
Joâo Ⅱ,king of Portugal,8
Joâo Ⅲ,king of Portugal,13,14
Jones,Sir Alfred,185,192,204,213,237;mounts defense of Leopold,237
Jordan,David Starr,241
José,Anastasio,28n
Journal de Bruxelles ,112
journalist(s):Stanley as,26,51-52(see also Stanley);Williams as,105-6(see also Williams);Morel as,186-88(see also Morel);banned from Congo Free State,189;take up Morel’s crusade,215;Leopold employs in his defense,237-41. See also travel writers and specific newspapers
Kandolo,rebel leader,127-128,278
Kasai,Compagnie du,260-65,283
Kasai region:rebellions in,127,260-65,295;missionaries in,153-58;hand-severing policy in,164-65,260;rubber trade in,164-65
Kassai Herald ,261
Kennaway,Sir John,44
Kennedy,John F.,302
Kenya,28
Kevenhuller,Count von,93
KiKongo language,11
Kimpuki,rebel leader,128
King Leopold’s Rule in Africa (Morel),214
King Leopold’s Soliloquy (Twain),242
Kingsley,Mary,188
Kinshasa,140,145-46,300,304
Kioko,Mukunzo,15-16
Klein,Georges Antoine,144
Kölnische Zeitung ,226,239
Kongo,Kingdom of the,8-11,42;government of,8-9;economy of,9;slavery in,9-11;under Affonso Ⅰ,11-16
Kot aMbweeky Ⅱ,king of the Kuba,156-57
Kowalsky,Henri Ⅰ.,245-49,250,257,283-84
Kremer,Dr.Johann Paul,122
Kuba people,156-57;artwork of the,156-57;Sheppard studies,156-57;political system of the,157;Leopold’s forces engulf,158;rebellion of,260-65,295
“Kurtz,Mr.”(character),142-46,147-49,197,229,283;models for,144-46,147-49,197
Labour Party,291
Lady Alice (boat),48-49,54,55
Laeken,château at,40,168-69,255-56,259,293;Leopold’s life at,169,256-57;Congo Greenhouse at,175
Lake Mai Ndombe district,231-32
Lake Sheppard,157
Lake Tanganyika,27,30,51
Lake Tumba,200
Lancaster (ship),87
Lapsley,Rev.Samuel:missionary work to the Congo,153-55
Lapsley (steamboat),262,265
Leclerq,Louis,228
Lefranc,Stanislas,120-21
Lemaire,Charles,165,227-28;diary of,227-28
Lemarinel,Paul,120-21
Leopold Ⅰ,king of the Belgians,33,34;relations with son,34
Leopold Ⅱ,king of the Belgians,1,2,4,33;characterized as foxlike,34;relations with father,34;marriage of,35-36;imperial ambitions of,36,37-38,41-42,46,61,167-68;visits Spain,36-37;ascends to throne,39;daughters of,39;monument projects of,40,168-69,223-24,256,293-94;relations with sister Carlota,41;hosts conference of explorers and geographers,43-46;conference welcoming speech of,44-45;chairs International African Association,45-46;reputation as humanitarian,46,92-93,167-68;hopes for colony from Stanley’s exploration,57-60,61;meets with Stanley,61,62-63;covets ivory from the Congo,63-64,70,118;camouflages his ambitions in the Congo,64-66;funds Stanley’s expedition,64-72;obtains trading monopolies and land in Congo basin,71-72,74,78;seeks American recognition for Congo colony,77-82;exploits Anglo-French rivalry in Africa,82-83;negotiates with Bismarck,83-84;and Berlin Conference,84-87;creates proprietary Congo Free State,87;early mistresses of,88;relations with daughters,88-89,135,275-76;obtains weaponry to rule colony,89-90;and Anti-Slavery Conference,92-95;agrees to bequeath the Congo to Belgium,94-95;secures loan for Congo development,94-95,168;retains Stanley as consultant,95;and Emin Pasha Relief Expedition,97-98;Williams’s Open Letter to,102,108-11,112,114,140;meets with Williams,106;mounts counterattack on Williams,112-13;absolutist rule in the Congo,116,136;medals awarded to Congo functionaries,116;appropriates all “vacant” land in the Congo,117,187-88;and mercenaries for the Congo,123-24;and slave trade in the Congo,129-31;and Catholic missionaries,134;fictionalized by Conrad & Ford,147n,257;and American missionaries,153;exploits rubber wealth of the Congo,159,162,167;and hostage-taking policy,162,189;issues bonds,168;understates profits of his colony,168;hypochondria of,169,257;lifestyle of,169;Chinese moneymaking schemes of,169-70;and foreign critics of rubber terror,172-74;and Commission for the Protection of the Natives,174-75,201-2;creates Congolese theatricals for Belgians,175-77;bans journalists from the Congo,189;alarm over British critics,194;meets Casement,197-98;concern over Casement’s report,201;counters Casement’s brutality reports,204;Morel’s demonic personification of,210,214;liaison with Caroline as mistress,221-24,255,256-57;cartoons of,222;children by mistress,224,265,266;mounting international criticism of,236-37;uses press and travel writers in counterattack,237-39;attempts to mount defense in the United States,243-49;creates Commission of Inquiry,250-52;final years of rule of,255-59;sale of colony to state,257-59;expenditures on Caroline,258-59;marries Caroline,265;death of,265-66,270,275;secretly transferred fortune to foundation,275-76;total profit from Congo colony for,277;ordered archives on the Congo destroyed,294;reputation of,in Belgian colonial textbooks,299;legend of reincarnation of,300-301:Mobutu as successor to,304
Leopold River,67
Leopoldville:as independent Congo capital,3;Stanley in,67,69;founding of,67;children’s colony in,133-34;Conrad in,145-46,148-49,153-54;American mission at,153;as port,172;Casement in,199;trial of missionaries in,262-65;as Belgian Congo capital,301
Lesseps,Viscount Ferdinand de,46
Levi,Primo,121
Levy-Lawson,Edward,48
Liberia,77
Liebrechts,Charles C.,233,241
Ligongo:witness to torture,253
Li Huang-Chang,170
Lincoln,Abraham,58
Lindsay,Vachel,266-67
Livingstone,David,28-29,51-52;Stanley’s search for,29-30,48,51;death of,30
Lodge,Henry Cabot,243,249
London Committee for the Suppression of the Continental Traffic in English Girls,88
Longfellow,Henry Wadsworth,105
Lontulu,chief of Bolima,250
Lothaire,Hubert,177
Louise,Princess,daughter of Leopold Ⅱ,39,88-89,135,265,266,275,277
Lualaba River,52-53,57,129
Luapula River:drownings in,229
Luluabourg military base,127
Lumumba,Patrice,3,301-2;assassination of,302
MacDonald,Ramsay,291
Macdonald,Sir Hector,199-200
Macintosh,Charles,158
Mackinnon,William,44
Madhist rebellion,96-98
Mafela,72
malaria,90,230
Manchester Guardian ,174
Mandela,Nelson,306
ManiKongo(Kongo monarch),8-10
Manuel du Voyageur et du Résident au Congo ,162
Marchal,Jules,277,296-99
Marchal,Paula,299
Mare Tenebroso,6-7
Marie-Henriette,queen of the Belgians,39,92,197,222;marriage to Leopold,35-36
Marxism,213
Massard,Charles,253
Matadi(port),86,119,125,137,141,153,170-71,196,199,219,279,285
Mauro,Fra,6
Maxim,Hiram,97
Maximilian,emperor of Mexico,40,61,103
Mbanza Kongo,8-9
McLynn,Frank,151
Médecins Sans Frontières,306
medical technology,90
mercenaries:in the Congo,123-29,136-39.
See also Force Publique
Michaux,Oscar,132
Mill,John Stuart,84
Mille,Pierre,238,273
Mingo of Mampoko:witness to torture,253
mining industry in the Congo,278-79
missionaries,Christian,1;Portuguese,8-9,12,14,17;and colonialism,27,38,86;and Muslim slave trade,92;and children’s colonies,133-35;Catholic versus Protestant,134;of Southern Presbyterian Church,152-55,158,173,259-65;William Sheppard,152-58(see also Sheppard);among the Kuba,156-58;Protestants reporting on conditions in the Congo,172-73,185,190-91,217-18;avoiding censorship,190;Congo officials attempt to suppress reports of,217-21;trial of,262-65
Mobutu,Joseph Désiré,54n,302-4;exploitation of the Congo,303-4
Moncheur,Baron Ludovic,247,248,260
Money,J.W.B.,37
Mongo language,300
monopolies,trading,37;Leopold obtains in Congo basin,71-72;Leopold exploits in Congo Free State,112
Moors,6
Morel,Edmund Dene,177-81,277,298,305,306;first notes discrepancies in Congo trade,1-2,178-81;crusades against Leopold’s abuses,2,4,209-24,257;background of,177-78;joins Elder Dempster firm,177-78;exposes fraud in Congo trade,179-80,185-86;obtains support in Britain,185,194,195;efforts to silence,186,187;takes up as investigative journalist,186-88;character of,187-88,196,210;mounts attack on rubber terror,188-96,209-24;obtains information from missionaries,190-91;expectations from Casement’s investigations,201,203;friendship with Casement,204-7,268-69,271;forms Congo Reform Society,207-8,209;marital partnership with Mary,209-10;politics of,210,211-13;supports British imperialism,210;and Red Rubber …,211,216;as speaker,211;in the tradition of British humanitarianism,211-13;organizational skills of,212-13,214-15;amasses evidence on abuses in the Congo,214;and King Leopold’s Rule in Africa ,214;collects photographic records,215,216-17;obtains support of fellow journalists,215;receives reports from Shanu,218-21;mounting international support of,236-37;sends report to Belgian Parliament,251;advocates “Belgian solution” to the Congo,257,271;continues Congo crusade after Leopold’s death,271-73;campaigns for African land rights,272-73;winds down campaign over Congo,273-74;attitude toward other colonial power abuses,282-83;in antiwar movement,287-91;later career of,287-91;and Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy ,288;tried and imprisoned for antiwar activities,289-90;serves in Parliament,291;death of,291
Morel,Mary Richardson,206,209,288
Morgan,J.P.,244
Morgan John Tyler,79-80,152,242
Morning Post (London),191-92
Morris,James,212
Morrison,William,259-60;and trial for exposure of Kasai abuses,262-63
Moto gold mine,279
Mountmorres,Viscount William,237
Mozambique,42
M’Putila of Bokote:witness to torture,253
Mukimbungu mission,125
Mulamba,rebel chief,129
Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung ,240
murders:extent of,in the Congo Free State,226-29,253,283. See also genocide
Murray,Gilbert,290
Museum of the Revolution(Moscow),292
Muslim fundamentalists:in the Sudan,96-98
Muslim slave trade:European crusade against,27-28,30,42,57,78,92,130
mutinies:by soldiers,127-29;by children,135
My Dark Companions and Their Strange Stories (Stanley),51
Namibia,281-82
Napoleon Ⅲ,emperor of France,36,40
National Geographic ,147-48
National Women’s Christian Temperance Union,243
National-Zeitung ,240
Nazi concentration camps,121,122,225,295
Nègre du Congo ,148
Negro Fellowship League,286
Nehru,Jawaharlal,286
Nerincx,Alfred,244
Nève,Paul,68
New Africa ,239
New York American ,248,249
New York Chamber of Commerce,80
New York Herald ,26,29,48,50,98,112;Stanley begins working for,26
Ngombi,72
Niama,Mulume,124,278
Nicholas Ⅱ,tsar of Russia,222
Nieuwe Afrikaansche Handels Vennootschap,112
Nile:search for source of,7,28,30,42;Leopold’s ambitions in valley of,96;plans for railroad connecting the Congo and,167
Nisco,Baron Giacomo,250
Noble Savage myth,210,270
Nonconformism,211
North American Review ,247
Nzansu,chief of Kasi,125,126,144,278
On Liberty (Mill),84
Open Letter to … Leopold Ⅱ (Williams),102,108-11,112,114,140
oral history in Africa,15,300
Order of the African Star,116
Ostend,168
Ota Benga,176n
pacification bases:Leopold proposes,45
Paine,Thomas,187
Parliament,British:resolution on the Congo,194,195,200;Stanley serves in,235;Leopold lobbies,238;Morel serves in,291
Parry,Betsy,21-22
Pelzer,Mathieu,127
Pende people,15
Permentier,René de,234
Peruvian Amazon Rubber Company,267
Philippines,the,41,282
Phipps,Sir Constantine:British minister to Brussels,203-4
photographic records:of Congo abuses,215,216-17,236,242,305
Picard,Edmond,119-20
Pike,Alice,48,50-51,56-57,96
Pitt,William,the Younger,207
Pocock,Edward,49,53
Pocock,Frank,48,49,52
Pond,James B.,104-5
porters,119-20,129-30,144;in WWⅠ,278
Portugal:and slave trade,10-11,14-15;relations with Affonso I of the Kongo,12-15;empire of,42,86,280;humanitarians boycott,258
Portuguese explorers,7-9;and the Congo River,17
Premorel,Raoul de,122,166,295
Presbyterian Pioneers in the Congo (Sheppard),157
press:takes up Morel’s crusade,215;Leopold employs in his defense,237-41
Press Association,215
Press Bureau,239-40;bribes by,240
Prester John,7,10
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society ,42
Protestant Nonconformism,211
Putumayo Indians,267
Pygmies,72-73;on exhibit in Belgium,176,176n
Quakers,187,189,213
quinine,90
racism:of Stanley,68-69;of Europeans in the Congo,121;of Belgians,136;displayed in Heart of Darkness ,146-47,148;and exhibit of Congolese in Belgium,176-77;Pygmy exhibited in U.S.,176n;sexual stereotypes and,210
railroads,27;building of Congo,82,91,92,119,143-44,167,170-72,271;Leopold invests in Chinese,169;casualties of building Congolese,171,279;luxury travel by,236;in French Congo,281
Rawlinson,Sir Henry,44
Reagan,Ronald,303
reconnaissances pacifiques ,124
Red Rubber …(Morel),211,216
Réforme ,113
reformist movements:British,211
Reid,Sir Hugh Gilzean,191,238
Report upon the Congo-State …(Williams),111
Residential and Garden Real Estate Corporation of the Côte d’Azur,276
Rhodes,Cecil,41,256
Richthofen,Baron Ferdinand von,44
rifles:technological advances,89-90;in trade with Congo,179-80
Rockefeller,John D.,Jr.,243
Rohlfs,Gerhard,43
Roi,Simon,226
Roi de Belges (steamboat),140,141-42,145
Rolland,Romain,291
Rom,Léon,137-38,162,260,261,284;as model for Kurtz in Heart of Darkness ,145-49;racism of,148
Rommel,Eugène,125
Roncière-le-Noury,Baron de la,44
Roosevelt,Theodore,2,241,242,243,247,258,259,260
Root,Elihu,243,249
Rothschild family,46,91
Rousseau,J.J.,210
Royal Geographical Society,London,31,157
Royal Museum for Central Africa,Tervuren,292-93
Royal Order of the Lion,116
rubber terror,158-66;origins of,158;products from,158-59;hostages taken during harvesting,161-62,189,230,231-32;Sheppard uncovers horrors of,164-65;hand severings and,164-66,172,173(see also hand severing in the Congo);sadism in,166;railroad building for,170-72(see also railroads);missionaries report on horrors of,172-73,190-91;Leopold tries to counter critics of,173-75;Morel mounts attack on,188-94,209-24;Casement investigates,200-203;Casement reports on,203-5;death toll from,225-34;decline in reports of abuses in,278;in WWⅡ,279,299;suppression of history of terror of,294-300
rubber trees,cultivated,159-60;increase in,278
rubber vine,wild,159-60,278;labor for harvesting of,160-61
Rudolph,crown prince of Austria-Hungary,89,135,266
Rufiji River,29
Russell,Bertrand,289,290
Russian Empire,61,90
Ryan,Thomas,243
Saint-Germain,Charles Gréban de,231
Salisbury,Lord,167,194
Samba ,215
Sanford,Gertrude,58,81
Sanford,Henry Shelton,112;background of,58-59;minister to Belgium,58-60;and Leopold’s colonial ambitions,66,76-82,85,105;business venture in Florida,76-77;lobbies for Leopold in America,77-82;seeks venture in the Congo,91,93,98;death of,93
Sanford Exploring Expedition,91,195-96
Sanga people,124
Saturday Review ,145
Scheut fathers,134
Schnitzer,Eduard(Emin Pasha),96-98,99-100
schooling in the Congo,134-35
Scramble for Africa,26-27,74,82-84,255;in Heart of Darkness ,147
sculpture,73-74;of the Kuba,156
Semenov,Pyotr,45
Seville,36-37;Spanish archives in,37
sexual stereotypes of Africans,210
Shanu,Hezekiah Andrew,218-21,278,305
Shaw,George Bernard,286
Sheldon,Mary French,237-38
Sheppard,Lucy Gantt,158,265
Sheppard,William,230,277,305;missionary travels in the Congo,152,153-58;early life of,153;record of work in the Congo,154-56;studies the Kuba,156-57;honored for work,157-58;marriage of,158;uncovers horrors of rubber terror in the Congo,164-65,172,173,259;on exposure of villagers,229;reports on Kuba rebellion,260-65;on trial for reportage,262-65;later career of,283
Sherman,William Tecumseh,31,104
Shinkolobwe mine,279
Sjöblom,E.V,173,227
slave labor in the Congo:chieftains selling men,129-30,164;Morel uncovers,180. See also forced labor in the Congo
slavery:in Kingdom of the Kongo,9-10;practiced among Africans,9-11,119,301;abolished in British Empire,27-28;Anti-Slavery Conference(1889),92-93;in Turkey,93
slaves,freed:American ambitions to colonize Africa with,78,79-80,105,152-53,242
slave trade,10-11,16-17;Affonso I of Kongo opposes,13-14;depopulating the Kongo,14;European crusade against Afro-Arab,27-28,30,42,57,78,92,130,289;Leopold proposes pacification bases to abolish,45
sleeping sickness,230,231
smallpox,230
Société Anversoise du Commerce au Congo,163,192
South Africa,42,277;Union of,273;boycott of,277;Mandela and,306
Southern Presbyterian Church:General Assembly of,152-53;missions in the Congo,153-55,158,173,259-65;missionaries on trial,262-65
Soviet concentration camps,121,162-63,233-34,292,295
Spanish-American War,168
Spanish Empire,36-37,42
Speckled Band,The (play),270-71
Speke,John,27
Spelier,Henri,255
Stalin,Josef,233,295
Stangl,Franz,122
Stanley,Dorothy Tennant,96,150,235;marriage to Stanley,150-51
Stanley,Henry Morton:background and youth of,21-23,31-32;renames himself,23;autobiography of,23-25;fictionalizes his life,23-25,31-32;fear of women,25,48,95;journals of,25,53-54;in the Civil War,25-26,103;begins journalist career,26;and How I Found Livingstone ,29;search for Livingstone,29-30,51;brutal as exploration leader,31,49,55,67-68,196;crosses Africa east to west along the Congo,42,47-56;skirmishes during explorations,49-50;and Congo exhibition,175;criticized by humanitarian groups,50;and In Darkest Africa ,51;and My Dark Companions and Their Strange Stories ,51;as reporter of his explorations,51-52;casualties of Congo River expedition,56;Leopold courts,57,60,61,62-63;hailed for Congo exploration,57-60;Leopold funds expedition by,63-65,67-72;harshness as colonizer,67-69,71;racism of,68-69;illnesses of,69-70;competition with rivals,70-71;book on founding of Congo Free State,81;at Berlin Conference,85-86;and Anti-Slavery Conference,93-94;as consultant to Leopold,95;and Emin Pasha Relief Expedition,97-100,141,150,196;Williams’s charges against Congo abuses by,109-11;marriage of,150-51;career as lecturer,151-52;defends Leopold,235;knighted and elected to Parliament,235;death of,235-36
Stanley Cap,62
Stanley Club,Paris,63
Stanley Falls,48,54;station at,102;Williams visits,108-9;Conrad at,141,143-44;Rom at,145,149
Stanley Pool,119
Starr,Frederick,244
starvation in the Congo:deaths from,229-30
stations in Congo Free State,101-2;life in,116-17
steamboats:invention of,27;and travel on the Congo,55,63,108;and colonization of the Congo,90;and slave labor in the Congo,119
Stephanie,Princess,daughter of Leopold Ⅱ,39,89,135,265,275,277
Steub,Ludwig von,240
Stevens,Arthur,82
Stinglhamber,Gustave,294
Stokes,Charles,174
Strauch,Maximilien,64-65,79,82,294
sub-Saharan Africa:early European exploration of,6-8;slavery in,9-11
Sudan:colonial rule in,96-98
Suez Canal Company,38
Svensson,Knut,227
Swedish missionaries:125-26,172-73,227
Taft,William Howard,245
Tanzania,28,278
Taylor,A.J.P.,213,288
telegraph,27
Temps,Le ,82
Tennant,Dorothy. See Stanley,Dorothy Tennant
Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy (Morel),288
Tervuren,Duke of,224
Thesiger,Wilfred,262
Thiriar,Dr.Jules,39,265
Through the Dark Continent (Stanley),51,63
Tilkens,Édouard,190
Times (London),2,57,96,169,215,238,239
tin mining,278
Tippu Tip,130-31,154
Travels in West Africa (Kingsley),188
travel writers in Africa,4-5,29,147-48,185,236;Leopold seeks favorable reports on the Congo from,237-38
Trevelyan,Charles,287
Tribune Congolaise ,204
Trotha,Lothar von,282
Truth about the Congo ,236,237
Tshamakele cave killings,124
Tswambe:eyewitness report on rubber trade horrors,166
Tuckey,James K.,17-18,21
Turkey,93
Twain,Mark:on slave labor in the Congo,3;and Stanley,32;Morel and,210,241-42;and King Leopold’s Soliloquy ,242
Twiss,Sir Travers,71,85
Uganda,167;emperor of,50
Union of Democratic Control,287-88,291
United States:and Leopold’s ambitions in Africa,75-82,241;expansionist wars of,168,282;Morel takes Congo campaign to,241-43;Congo controversy in,241-49;involvement in the modern Congo,301-3
Van Calcken,Raoul,253
Vandervelde,Émile,165,263-64,273
Vangroenweghe,Daniel,232
Van Kerckhoven,Guillaume,196,197
Vansina,Jan,157n,233,300
Vatican,244
Verdussen,Jean,166
Victoria,queen of Great Britain,35,43,151,168,223
Victor Napoleon,Prince,197,198n
vumbi ,15
Wack,Henry Wellington,245
Wales,Prince of,43,59,88
Washington,Booker T.,2,241,283
Webb,Beatrice,237
Webb,Sidney,237
West African Mail ,186,187,189,209,213,218
West African Missionary Association,251-52
Wilberforce,William,207,211
Wilde,Oscar,199
Wilhelm Ⅱ,kaiser of Germany,166,222n;dislike for Leopold,240
Williams,George Washington,4,102,129,140,152-53,185,277,305;Open Letter to Leopold,102,108-11,112,114,140;in Civil War,102-3;background of,102-6;education of,103;career of,103-6;black histories written by,104,105;and History of the Negro Race in America …,104;seeks journalist career,105-6;origins of interest in the Congo,105-7;interviews Leopold,106;visits the Congo,107-9;and Report upon the Congo-State …,111;death of,113;advocates local rule of the Congo,257
Williams,Roger,78
Wilson,Woodrow,291
woodcarving,73-74
World School of Colonialism,276
World War Ⅰ,276,278,284;Casement’s pro-Irish activities in,284-85,288;Morel and antiwar movement,287-91;peace terms of,291;Belgium as victim in,295-96
World War Ⅱ,279
Yaka people,124
Yamba-Yamba,rebel leader,128
yellow fever,90
Zanzibar,28