索引

    (页码为原书页码,即本书页边码)

    A.B.I.R. See Anglo-Belgian India Rubber and Exploration Company

    Abolitionists,104,203,207,211,277;Morel and,211,216

    Aborigines Protection Society,50,92,173,188,197,206,238

    Abyssinia,Emperor of,26

    Achebe,Chinua,146-47

    Achte,Father Auguste,128-29

    Admirable Crichton,The (Barrie),154

    Aerts,shipping executive,192

    Affonso Ⅰ,king of the Kongo,11-15

    Africa:travel writers in,4-5,29,147-48,185,236,237-38;early European exploration of sub-Saharan,6-8;European scramble for,26-27,74,255;19th-century explorers of,27;first European crossings of central,28,28n,42;Stanley describes as unpeopled,31;Stanley crosses central,47-51;abuses by other colonial powers in,280-83

    African Americans:possible relocation to Africa,78,79-80,105,152-53,242;Williams’s history of,104;missionaries to the Congo,152-55,158,173,259-65. See also Douglass,Du Bois,Franklin,Sheppard,Washington,Williams

    African chieftains:and rebellions against Congo rulers,125-26,128;selling men in the Congo,129-30,164

    African enforcers:of European brutality in the Congo,122-23(see also Force Publique)

    African land:Leopold’s appropriation of,117,187-88;Morel’s campaign against confiscation of,272-73

    African records:by Affonso Ⅰ of the Kongo,13;lack of written,15;oral,15-16;Ilanga’s tale of slave raid,131-33

    Africans:sexual stereotypes of,210

    African slavery,9-11,119,301

    African trade,13-15

    Afro-Arab slave trade:European crusade against,27-28,30,38,42,57,78,92,130,299

    Albert Ⅰ,king of the Belgians:as heir to throne,40,116,246;succeeds Leopold,266;opposes forced labor in the Congo,272

    Albert,prince consort to Victoria,35

    Alberta (yacht),255

    Albert Memorial,London,27-28

    Aldrich,Nelson W.,243-44,249

    Almayer’s Folly (Conrad),141

    American Congo Reform Association,241,249,272

    American cotton trade:Africa and,79

    American Indians,78,103,113,282

    American missionaries to the Congo,152-55,158,173,259-65;on trial for exposing abuses,262-65

    American Museum of Natural History,244

    American South:slave trade to,11;white ambitions to relocate freed blacks to Africa,78,79-80,105,152-53,242

    Amnesty International,306

    Andersson,Karl Teodor,125

    Anglo-American Expedition:Stanley’s,47-49

    Anglo-Belgian India Rubber and Exploration Company(A.B.I.R.),160,162-63,189,227,230,253,271

    Angola,8,280

    animism,74

    Answer to Mark Twain,An ,242

    Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society,273,305

    Anti-Slavery Conference,1889,92-95,105

    Anti-Slavery International,305-6

    Anti-Slavery Society,50,188,305

    antiwar movement,WWⅠ,287-91

    apartheid system,277

    Apocalypse Now (film),143,234

    “Arab” slave trade:European crusade against,27-28,30,38,42,57,78,92,130,299

    Archiduchesse Stéphanie (steamboat),250

    Armenia,168,211,222

    Arthur,Chester A.,75-77,78,79,80,105

    artwork:of Congo peoples,73-74;of the Kuba,156-57

    Associated Press,251

    Augusta,consort of Wilhelm Ⅱ,222n

    Australian aborigines,282

    Bahr-el-Ghazal copper mines,167

    Baka Baka station,125

    Baptista,Pedro,28n

    Baptist missionaries:to the Congo,211,216,260

    Baptist Missionary Society,191

    Baring,Sir Evelyn,113

    Baringa post,217-18

    Barker,Frederick,49,52

    Barrie,James,154

    Barttelot,Edmund,98,145

    Baruch,Bernard,243

    Basoko people,54

    Baudouin,king of the Belgians,301

    Beernaert,Auguste,224

    beheadings in the Congo,145,196,197,234

    Belgian Congo:transfer of Leopold’s property to,257-59,272,276;Morel continues crusade on abuses in,271-72;decline in reports of abuses in,277-79;taxation in,278;mining in,278-79. See also Congo Free State

    Belgian press:attacks Williams,112-13;celebrates Leopold’s railway,185;counters Casement’s brutality reports,204

    Belgian royal family,33,40,266

    Belgian colonial textbooks,299-300

    Belgium:creation of kingdom of,33;disinterest in colonialism,37-38,90;parliamentary government of,39,94;approves loan to Leopold for Congo enterprise,94-95,168;response to Williams’s charges on the Congo,112-13;colonial chauvinism in,136-37,175;socialist opposition to Leopold in,190;Leopold’s sale of colony to state,257-59;loan to Leopold missing,258-59,275-76;colonial administration of the Congo,271-72;heritage of Leopold’s Congo exploitation in,292-93;royal archives destroyed,294;as victim in WWⅠ,295-96 Belloc,Hilaire,90

    Bennett,James Gordon Jr.,26,48,50,60,98;and search for Livingstone,29;African landmarks named for,48

    Berlin Africa Society,83

    Berlin Conference,1885,84-87,95

    Bikoro village killings,227

    birth control:among Congo peoples,73

    birth rate:decline of,in Congo Free State,231-32

    Bismarck,Otto von,74,83;negotiations with Leopold,83-84;colonial ambitions of,84-85

    Bissell,Richard,302

    Björnson,Björnstjerne,236

    Black Death,232

    Bleichröder,Gerson,83,85

    Boa people,124

    Boer War,174-75,235

    Bokanga village:destruction of,228

    Bolia people,74

    Boma(town),47-48,56,115,134;as capital of the Congo,115;missionaries at,155;censorship office in,189-90;attempt to control missionaires from,217-18;transfer of Congo ownership at,259

    Börrisson,C.N.,125-26

    Boston Herald ,264

    Boulger,Demetrius C.,239

    Brasseur,Clément,234

    Brazil:slave trade to,10,11,14;Casement as consul in,267-70

    Brazzaville,281

    Bricusse,Georges,123,161-62

    Britain:and Leopold’s imperial ambitions,82;furor over killing of British citizen in the Congo,174;“Congo Question” raised in,194,195;recognition of Belgian Congo,272,273

    British consular service,198

    British Empire:industrialism in,27;slavery abolished in,27;campaign against slave trade,27-28;extent of,37,61;in Africa,42,74,86;Conrad’s support for,146;Morel’s support for,210;Leopold exposes abuses in,237;Morel exposes abuses in Africa,272-73

    British explorers:in Africa,27;hostility to Stanley,31-32;and Congo death toll,229-30

    British Foreign Office,2,50,85;Casement’s reports to,198,201,203-5,269-70

    British humanitarianism:and Leopold,173-74,185,194;Morel in the tradition of,211-13;boycott Portuguese,258;contemporary,305-7

    British radicalism,211

    Brussels Geographical Conference,1876,43-46

    Brussels Royal Museum of Central Africa,292-93

    Budja people,124,192-93,227;death toll among,227

    Bumba village,230

    Burdett-Courts,Baroness Angela,43,66

    Bureau of Comparative Legislation,Brussels,239

    Burke,Lindsay,128

    burning of villages,227-28,229-30

    Burton,Richard,27,50

    Bush,George H.W.,303

    Buxton,Sir Thomas Fowell,44

    Cadbury,William A.,213,216,269,273

    Cameron,Verney Lovett,42,48

    Cameroons,the,280,281-82

    Canary Islands,168

    Canisius,Edgar,131,192-93,229

    cannibalism:African,16;Africans imagine European,16;of Congo peoples,73;hand severing and,166

    Canterbury,archbishop of,2,273

    Câo,Diogo,7-8,15,16

    Caribbean slave trade,10

    Carlos Ⅲ,king of Spain,36-37

    Carlota,empress of Mexico,40-41,61;madness of,41,136;last years and death of,276

    Caroline,Baroness de Vaughan,mistress of Leopold Ⅱ,221-24,255,256-57;marries king,265;inheritance of,266

    Casement,Roger,192,195-208,219,232,244,251,277,305,306;appearance of,195;appointed consul to the Congo,195,197-99;early career of,195-96;friendship with Conrad,196-97,203,274;as witness to white men’s brutality in Africa,196-97;joins consular service,197;talking skills of,197;meets Leopold,197-98;as writer,199;homosexuality of,199-200,286;travels up the Congo River,200-203;diary of,202-3,204;reports on rubber terror,203-4;friendship with Morel,204-7,269,271,274;and Irish nationalist movement,267-68,284-87;as consul in Brazil,267-70;and Putumayo Indian cause,269-70;knighted,270;retirement from consular service,284;tried and executed for treason,285-87,288,290

    castration of corpses,203

    Catholic Church:missionaries of,8-9,12,14,17,133-35;Leopold employs support of,244

    Caudron,Charles,220,250

    Central Intelligence Agency(CIA),302,303

    Century Magazine ,145

    Cerckel,Léon,234

    chains:used on laborers,119,130,279;used on children,135

    Chaltin,Louis,161-62

    Chicago Daily Tribune ,245

    chicotte beatings,119,120-23,163,190,216,237,250,280

    child labor:in the Congo,119;contemporary,305

    child prostitution:contemporary,305

    children of the Congo:laboring,119;beaten,120;as conscripts for Force Publique,190;starvation of,229

    children’s colonies:in the Congo,133-35

    China:Leopold’s colonial ambitions in,169-70

    Chinese laborers:in the Congo,170-71

    Chokwe people,124

    Churchill,Winston,291

    Clapham Sect,211

    Clementine,Princess,daughter of Leopold Ⅱ,39,197,198n,275

    Cleveland,Grover,105,157

    clitoridectomies,73,305

    cloth trade,13,16,79

    Collier’s ,215

    colonialism:Scramble for Africa and,26-27,74,82-84,212-13,255,272-73(see also individual African colonies) ;industrialism and,27;Leopold’s envy of other European,37-38;European justifications for,38-39;Leopold proposes pacification bases,45. See also specific colonies Columbus,Christopher,158

    Commission for the Protection of the Natives,174-75,201-2,250

    Commission of Inquiry,250-52,253,267,277,297-98;endorses Morel’s and Casement’s charges,251;reports of torture to,253-55;secreting of records of,297-98

    Committee for the Protection of Interests in Africa,240

    Committee for the Studies of the Upper Congo,64-65

    Commoner (black newspaper),104

    Compagnie du Kasai,260-65,283

    Compagnie Internationale de Wagons-Lit,236

    Compiègne,Marquis de,43

    Complete Congo Controversy (Boulger),239

    Conan Doyle,Sir Arthur,180,262,271,285;support for Congo reform,271-72,273

    concentration camps:Nazi and Soviet,121,122,162-63,233-34,292,295

    Congo,the:name associated with territory,66-67;independence of,301;history of modern,301-4. See also Belgian Congo;Congo Free State

    Congo and the Founding of Its Free State (Stanley),81

    Congo basin,17;economic potential of,61-62;inhabitants of,62,72-75;Stanley obtains trading treaties with chieftains of,71-72,74;kingdoms of,72-73(see also Kongo);traditions of peoples of,73;art of peoples of,73-74,293

    Congo Free State:Morel’s crusade on abuses in,1-2,4,209-24,260(see also Morel);slave labor in,1-2,119-20(see also forced labor in the Congo);Mark Twain on,3,241-42;travel writers in,4-5;founding of,81-82,87;whites working in,89;technological needs to colonize,89-91;transportation in,90-91(see also railroads);Leopold’s funding for exploitation of,91-92;network of river stations in,101-2,116;Williams’s charges on brutality in,108-11,112-13(see also Williams);administered from Brussels,115-16;life of functionaries in,116-17;Leopold appropriates all “vacant” land in,117,188-89;shareholding in,117;venture capital in,117;command economy in,118;floggings in,120-23,163,190-91,216,237,250;African enforcers in,122-23;military rule in,123-29,163,179-80(see also Force Publique);pacification wars in,124-29;children’s colonies in,133-35;appeal of career in,for young Belgians,136-39;depicted in Heart of Darkness ,142-49;rubber wealth exploited in,160-66;hand severing in,164-66,172,173,191,203,226-27,254,259,260,266-67,272,296,305;Leopold issues bonds on,168;furor over killing of British citizen in,174;exhibits in Brussels from,175-76;Elder Dempster shipping contract for,177;journalists banned from,189;censorship in,189-90;duration of,225;death toll in,225-34;murder toll in,226-29;deaths from starvation,exhaustion,and exposure in,229-30;disease-related deaths in,230-31;birth rate decline in,231-32;population cut in half under Leopold’s rule,233;“Belgian solution” to,257-58,271;Leopold sells to state,258;Leopold’s absconding of profits from,258-59,275-76;intimidation and trial of missionaries in,260-65;under Belgian state administration,271-72;Leopold’s total of profits from,277;destruction of royal archives on,294;rationalization over atrocities in,295-96;Jules Marchal uncovers crimes in,296-99

    Congo Greenhouse,Laeken,175

    Congolese people:Pende,15;Basoko,54;Pygmies,72-73,176;Bolia,74;Budja,124,227;Chokwe,124;Boa,124;Sanga,124;Yaka,124;rebellions of,124-29,260-65,295;Kuba,156-57;exhibited in Belgium,176-77

    “Congo Question”:raised in Britain,194,195

    Congo Reform Association(C.R.A.),213,242,272;Morel forms,207-8;periodical of,212;Liverpool headquarters of,214;local branches of,216;international affiliates of,236;American branch of,241,249,272;final meeting of,273-74,277

    Congo River:European discovery of,7-8;characteristics of,16-17,53,61-62;British exploration of,17-18;search for source of,42;Stanley charts course of,47-48,52-56;names for,54-55;tributaries of,54-55;rapids of,55-56;casualties of Stanley’s exploration of,56;economic potential of,61-62

    Congo State …(Boulger),239

    Conrad,Joseph,3,140-49,153-54,189,229,234,257,277,283,284,285,293,294;depiction of the Congo,3,142-49,229,284,294(see also Heart of Darkness );early life of,140-41;visits the Congo,141-46;friendship with Casement,196-97,203

    Cookey,S.J.S.,113

    copper mining,278,279

    Coppola,Francis Ford,143,234

    Coquéry-Vidrovitch,Catherine,280

    Corriere della Sera ,239

    Costermans,Paul,250

    Courier de Bruxelles ,113

    Crime of the Congo (Conan Doyle),271

    “crimes against humanity”:Leopold accused of,112

    Cross of Leopold,44

    Crystal Mountains,18,56,63,68

    cubism,73

    Czetwertynski,Price Boris,236

    d’Aarche,Count,151

    Daily Express ,288

    Daily Sketch ,288

    Daily Telegraph (London),46,48,57

    Davis,Richard Harding,215

    death toll in the Congo,225-34,293

    de Brazza,Count Pierre Savorgnan,70-71,74,95,281

    debt bondage:contemporary,305

    De Grez,Raymond,189

    Delcassé,Théophile,256

    Delcommune,Alexandre,277,278

    De Le Court,Charles,136

    Detiège,Albéric,166

    Devos,Commandant,134

    Dhanis,Baron Francis,129

    Dickens,Charles,24-25

    Dilke,Sir Charles,188

    Disraeli,Benjamin,39

    Douglass,Frederick,104

    Du Bois,W.E.B.,104,283

    Du Chaillu,Paul Belloni,27

    Dulles,Allen,302

    Dunlop,John,158

    Dunlop Company,158

    Durrieux,Antoine-Emmanuel,221,222-23,266

    Dutch East Indies,37,61

    Earp,Wyatt,246

    Edison,Thomas,151

    Egypt:Khedive of,36;Leopold’s colonial ambitions in,83. See also Nile

    Ekuku,chief of Boiéka:witness to torture,253

    Elder Dempster shipping firm,177-80,185-86,187,195;attempts to undermine Casement,204

    elephant ivory trade,63-64,70,101-2,118,137

    Elia,Giovanni,236

    Elizabeth,Archduchess,grandchild of Leopold Ⅱ,266

    Elst,Baron Léon van der,258

    Emin Pasha,96-98,99-100,150

    Emin Pasha Relief Expedition,97-100,141,152,196

    English law:and humanitarian principles,280

    État Indépendant du Congo. See Congo Free State

    European slave traders,10-11,17,27

    Evening Standard ,288

    exhaustion:deaths from,229-30

    explorers:earliest European in sub-Saharan Africa,6-8;African myths on,15-16;British and French in Africa,27-28;Leopold hosts conference of,43-46. See also de Brazza,Stanley

    exposure:deaths from,229-30

    Faris,Ellsworth,226

    Federation for the Defense of Belgian Interest Abroad,240

    female household slavery:contemporary,305

    Ferry,Jules,82

    Fiévez,Léon,166,226

    floggings in the Congo,120-23,163,190,216,237,250;and rubber harvesting labor,163,190-91

    forced labor in the Congo,1-2,119-20,125,129-35;for ivory trade,119-20,130-31(see also ivory trade);floggings and,120-23,163,190-91,237,250;rebellions against,124-29;for harvesting of rubber,161-62,190-91;Morel uncovers unpaid,180-81;death toll from,225-26;Morel continues campaign against,272;continues under Belgian administration,278;for mining,279

    Force Publique,124,127-29,131,177,196,271,293;African soldiers in,127,129;conscription into,127,129,190,278;desertion and mutinies in,127,190;white officers of,127;eyewitness report of slave raid by,131-33;handling of orphans,134;appeal of career in,for Europeans,137-39;and rubber-harvesting labor,163-64,166,173;and hand-severing policy,164-66,172,173,226-27;and beheadings,196,197,234;toll from murders by,226-29;diaries kept by,227-28;sadism of,234;testimony to Commission of Inquiry on torture by,253-55;in WWⅠ,278;in final days of Belgian Congo,301

    Ford,Ford Madox,147n,257

    Fox Bourne,H.R.,173

    France,Anatole,2,236

    France:and Leopold’s imperial ambitions,82,95,167;involvement in the modern Congo,303. See also French Empire

    Franklin,John Hope,114

    Frelinghuysen,Frederick,78,79,81

    French Congo:abuses in,280-81

    French Empire,42,61;in Africa,70-71,74,86,95,280-81;abuses in,280-81

    French Foreign Legion,138-39

    Gaelic League,267

    Galsworthy,John,273

    Gantt,Lucy,158,265

    Garfield,James A.,76

    Garnett,Edward,142

    Garrett,Thomas G.,249

    Garrison,William Lloyd,104,211

    Général Sanford (steamboat),93

    genital mutilation,273;contemporary,305

    genocide:in German West Africa,282. See also murders

    Geographical Conference,Brussels,1876,43-46

    German African colonies,83-84,128,280-82,294

    German Cameroons,280,281-82

    German concentration camps,121,122,225,295

    German East Africa,174,278

    German South West Africa:abuses in,281-82

    Germany,36;Berlin Conference(1885),83-87;and Emin Pasha,100;Nazi concentration camps of,121,122,225,295;Leopold’s press campaign in,239-41;Casement and,in WWⅠ,284-85,288;in WWⅠ,Morel and,288-89;and atrocities against Belgians in WWⅠ,295-96

    Gibbons,James Cardinal,244

    Girault,Charles,256

    Gladstone,William,149,167

    Goffinet,Baron Auguste,266,275

    gold mining,278-79

    Goodyear,Charles,159

    Gough-Roberts,Katie,29,32

    Grant,Ulysses S.,58

    Greindl,Baron Jules,59

    Grenfell,George,114,201

    Grey,Sir Edward,2,209,272

    Grogan,Ewart S.,229-30

    Guggenheim corporation,243

    Gullah language,11

    Gustaf Wasa,king of Sweden,126

    Gwynn,Stephen,195

    Hall,Dr.G.Stanley,241

    hand severing in the Congo,164-66,172,173,226-27,254,259,260,266-67,272,296,305;missionary reports on,191;Casement reports on,203

    hangings in the Congo,123,149

    Harris,Alice Seeley,216,236,242,273,284,305

    Harris,Rev. John,216,242,273,305

    Harrison,Benjamin,107,153

    Harrison,James,239

    Hayes,Rutherford B.,105

    head severings in the Congo,145,196,197,234

    Hearst,William Randolph,248

    Heart of Darkness (Conrad),3,142-49,229,284,294;models for Kurtz,144-46,147-49,197,229;racism in,146-47;indicting imperialism,146-49

    Heath,Sir Leopold,44

    Heaton,Dick,25

    Hemptinne,Jean de,Bishop of Elizabethville,300-1

    Hereros:genocide of,281-82,294

    Herr,Michael,234

    Higden,Ranulf,6

    History of the Negro Race in America …(Williams),104

    Hitler,Adolf,295

    Holland:empire of,37;traders object to Leopold’s monopoly in the Congo,112

    Holt,John,186,210,273,282

    homosexuality:Victorian opprobrium of,199-200,286

    hostage-taking:during rubber harvesting,161-62,189,230,231-32,236-37,250

    House of Commons,London:resolution on the Congo,194,195,200;Stanley serves in,235;Leopold lobbies,238;Morel serves in,291

    How I Found Livingstone (Stanley),29

    humanitarian critics,188;of Stanley,50;of Leopold,173-74,185,194;Morel obtains support of,185,194,195,211-12,213;Morel in the tradition of British,211-13;boycott Portugal,258;English law and,280;contemporary,305-6

    human rights movement:contemporary,305-6

    Huntington,Collis P.,107,112,113

    Ibn Khaldūn,304

    Iboko:death toll in,232

    Ifomi:victim of torture,253

    Ifuca,capital of the Kuba,156,158

    Ilanga:tells of slave raid,131-33

    Ilange Kunda of M’Bongo:witness to torture,253

    imperialism:indicted in Heart of Darkness ,146-49. See also colonialism

    In Darkest Africa (Stanley),51

    Indies,General Archive of the,37

    industrialism:and colonialism,27

    infections,90;deaths associated with,230-31

    Inheritors,The (Conrad & Ford),147n,257

    Inongo:death toll in,228,232

    International African Association,Brussels,58,59,64,87;creation of,45

    International Association of the Congo,65,66-67,78,81,84-85,87,105

    Irish nationalist movement,267-68,284-85

    Irish Volunteers,284

    Italian consul to the Congo:confirms Casement’s reports,202

    Ituri rain forest:Stanley explores,97-99

    ivory trade,63-64,70,101-2,118,137;porters for,119-20,130-31;described by Conrad,143-45

    Jacques,Jules,228-29

    Java;or How to Manage a Colony (Money),37

    Joâo Ⅱ,king of Portugal,8

    Joâo Ⅲ,king of Portugal,13,14

    Jones,Sir Alfred,185,192,204,213,237;mounts defense of Leopold,237

    Jordan,David Starr,241

    José,Anastasio,28n

    Journal de Bruxelles ,112

    journalist(s):Stanley as,26,51-52(see also Stanley);Williams as,105-6(see also Williams);Morel as,186-88(see also Morel);banned from Congo Free State,189;take up Morel’s crusade,215;Leopold employs in his defense,237-41. See also travel writers and specific newspapers

    Kandolo,rebel leader,127-128,278

    Kasai,Compagnie du,260-65,283

    Kasai region:rebellions in,127,260-65,295;missionaries in,153-58;hand-severing policy in,164-65,260;rubber trade in,164-65

    Kassai Herald ,261

    Kennaway,Sir John,44

    Kennedy,John F.,302

    Kenya,28

    Kevenhuller,Count von,93

    KiKongo language,11

    Kimpuki,rebel leader,128

    King Leopold’s Rule in Africa (Morel),214

    King Leopold’s Soliloquy (Twain),242

    Kingsley,Mary,188

    Kinshasa,140,145-46,300,304

    Kioko,Mukunzo,15-16

    Klein,Georges Antoine,144

    Kölnische Zeitung ,226,239

    Kongo,Kingdom of the,8-11,42;government of,8-9;economy of,9;slavery in,9-11;under Affonso Ⅰ,11-16

    Kot aMbweeky Ⅱ,king of the Kuba,156-57

    Kowalsky,Henri Ⅰ.,245-49,250,257,283-84

    Kremer,Dr.Johann Paul,122

    Kuba people,156-57;artwork of the,156-57;Sheppard studies,156-57;political system of the,157;Leopold’s forces engulf,158;rebellion of,260-65,295

    “Kurtz,Mr.”(character),142-46,147-49,197,229,283;models for,144-46,147-49,197

    Labour Party,291

    Lady Alice (boat),48-49,54,55

    Laeken,château at,40,168-69,255-56,259,293;Leopold’s life at,169,256-57;Congo Greenhouse at,175

    Lake Mai Ndombe district,231-32

    Lake Sheppard,157

    Lake Tanganyika,27,30,51

    Lake Tumba,200

    Lancaster (ship),87

    Lapsley,Rev.Samuel:missionary work to the Congo,153-55

    Lapsley (steamboat),262,265

    Leclerq,Louis,228

    Lefranc,Stanislas,120-21

    Lemaire,Charles,165,227-28;diary of,227-28

    Lemarinel,Paul,120-21

    Leopold Ⅰ,king of the Belgians,33,34;relations with son,34

    Leopold Ⅱ,king of the Belgians,1,2,4,33;characterized as foxlike,34;relations with father,34;marriage of,35-36;imperial ambitions of,36,37-38,41-42,46,61,167-68;visits Spain,36-37;ascends to throne,39;daughters of,39;monument projects of,40,168-69,223-24,256,293-94;relations with sister Carlota,41;hosts conference of explorers and geographers,43-46;conference welcoming speech of,44-45;chairs International African Association,45-46;reputation as humanitarian,46,92-93,167-68;hopes for colony from Stanley’s exploration,57-60,61;meets with Stanley,61,62-63;covets ivory from the Congo,63-64,70,118;camouflages his ambitions in the Congo,64-66;funds Stanley’s expedition,64-72;obtains trading monopolies and land in Congo basin,71-72,74,78;seeks American recognition for Congo colony,77-82;exploits Anglo-French rivalry in Africa,82-83;negotiates with Bismarck,83-84;and Berlin Conference,84-87;creates proprietary Congo Free State,87;early mistresses of,88;relations with daughters,88-89,135,275-76;obtains weaponry to rule colony,89-90;and Anti-Slavery Conference,92-95;agrees to bequeath the Congo to Belgium,94-95;secures loan for Congo development,94-95,168;retains Stanley as consultant,95;and Emin Pasha Relief Expedition,97-98;Williams’s Open Letter to,102,108-11,112,114,140;meets with Williams,106;mounts counterattack on Williams,112-13;absolutist rule in the Congo,116,136;medals awarded to Congo functionaries,116;appropriates all “vacant” land in the Congo,117,187-88;and mercenaries for the Congo,123-24;and slave trade in the Congo,129-31;and Catholic missionaries,134;fictionalized by Conrad & Ford,147n,257;and American missionaries,153;exploits rubber wealth of the Congo,159,162,167;and hostage-taking policy,162,189;issues bonds,168;understates profits of his colony,168;hypochondria of,169,257;lifestyle of,169;Chinese moneymaking schemes of,169-70;and foreign critics of rubber terror,172-74;and Commission for the Protection of the Natives,174-75,201-2;creates Congolese theatricals for Belgians,175-77;bans journalists from the Congo,189;alarm over British critics,194;meets Casement,197-98;concern over Casement’s report,201;counters Casement’s brutality reports,204;Morel’s demonic personification of,210,214;liaison with Caroline as mistress,221-24,255,256-57;cartoons of,222;children by mistress,224,265,266;mounting international criticism of,236-37;uses press and travel writers in counterattack,237-39;attempts to mount defense in the United States,243-49;creates Commission of Inquiry,250-52;final years of rule of,255-59;sale of colony to state,257-59;expenditures on Caroline,258-59;marries Caroline,265;death of,265-66,270,275;secretly transferred fortune to foundation,275-76;total profit from Congo colony for,277;ordered archives on the Congo destroyed,294;reputation of,in Belgian colonial textbooks,299;legend of reincarnation of,300-301:Mobutu as successor to,304

    Leopold River,67

    Leopoldville:as independent Congo capital,3;Stanley in,67,69;founding of,67;children’s colony in,133-34;Conrad in,145-46,148-49,153-54;American mission at,153;as port,172;Casement in,199;trial of missionaries in,262-65;as Belgian Congo capital,301

    Lesseps,Viscount Ferdinand de,46

    Levi,Primo,121

    Levy-Lawson,Edward,48

    Liberia,77

    Liebrechts,Charles C.,233,241

    Ligongo:witness to torture,253

    Li Huang-Chang,170

    Lincoln,Abraham,58

    Lindsay,Vachel,266-67

    Livingstone,David,28-29,51-52;Stanley’s search for,29-30,48,51;death of,30

    Lodge,Henry Cabot,243,249

    London Committee for the Suppression of the Continental Traffic in English Girls,88

    Longfellow,Henry Wadsworth,105

    Lontulu,chief of Bolima,250

    Lothaire,Hubert,177

    Louise,Princess,daughter of Leopold Ⅱ,39,88-89,135,265,266,275,277

    Lualaba River,52-53,57,129

    Luapula River:drownings in,229

    Luluabourg military base,127

    Lumumba,Patrice,3,301-2;assassination of,302

    MacDonald,Ramsay,291

    Macdonald,Sir Hector,199-200

    Macintosh,Charles,158

    Mackinnon,William,44

    Madhist rebellion,96-98

    Mafela,72

    malaria,90,230

    Manchester Guardian ,174

    Mandela,Nelson,306

    ManiKongo(Kongo monarch),8-10

    Manuel du Voyageur et du Résident au Congo ,162

    Marchal,Jules,277,296-99

    Marchal,Paula,299

    Mare Tenebroso,6-7

    Marie-Henriette,queen of the Belgians,39,92,197,222;marriage to Leopold,35-36

    Marxism,213

    Massard,Charles,253

    Matadi(port),86,119,125,137,141,153,170-71,196,199,219,279,285

    Mauro,Fra,6

    Maxim,Hiram,97

    Maximilian,emperor of Mexico,40,61,103

    Mbanza Kongo,8-9

    McLynn,Frank,151

    Médecins Sans Frontières,306

    medical technology,90

    mercenaries:in the Congo,123-29,136-39.

     See also Force Publique

    Michaux,Oscar,132

    Mill,John Stuart,84

    Mille,Pierre,238,273

    Mingo of Mampoko:witness to torture,253

    mining industry in the Congo,278-79

    missionaries,Christian,1;Portuguese,8-9,12,14,17;and colonialism,27,38,86;and Muslim slave trade,92;and children’s colonies,133-35;Catholic versus Protestant,134;of Southern Presbyterian Church,152-55,158,173,259-65;William Sheppard,152-58(see also Sheppard);among the Kuba,156-58;Protestants reporting on conditions in the Congo,172-73,185,190-91,217-18;avoiding censorship,190;Congo officials attempt to suppress reports of,217-21;trial of,262-65

    Mobutu,Joseph Désiré,54n,302-4;exploitation of the Congo,303-4

    Moncheur,Baron Ludovic,247,248,260

    Money,J.W.B.,37

    Mongo language,300

    monopolies,trading,37;Leopold obtains in Congo basin,71-72;Leopold exploits in Congo Free State,112

    Moors,6

    Morel,Edmund Dene,177-81,277,298,305,306;first notes discrepancies in Congo trade,1-2,178-81;crusades against Leopold’s abuses,2,4,209-24,257;background of,177-78;joins Elder Dempster firm,177-78;exposes fraud in Congo trade,179-80,185-86;obtains support in Britain,185,194,195;efforts to silence,186,187;takes up as investigative journalist,186-88;character of,187-88,196,210;mounts attack on rubber terror,188-96,209-24;obtains information from missionaries,190-91;expectations from Casement’s investigations,201,203;friendship with Casement,204-7,268-69,271;forms Congo Reform Society,207-8,209;marital partnership with Mary,209-10;politics of,210,211-13;supports British imperialism,210;and Red Rubber …,211,216;as speaker,211;in the tradition of British humanitarianism,211-13;organizational skills of,212-13,214-15;amasses evidence on abuses in the Congo,214;and King Leopold’s Rule in Africa ,214;collects photographic records,215,216-17;obtains support of fellow journalists,215;receives reports from Shanu,218-21;mounting international support of,236-37;sends report to Belgian Parliament,251;advocates “Belgian solution” to the Congo,257,271;continues Congo crusade after Leopold’s death,271-73;campaigns for African land rights,272-73;winds down campaign over Congo,273-74;attitude toward other colonial power abuses,282-83;in antiwar movement,287-91;later career of,287-91;and Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy ,288;tried and imprisoned for antiwar activities,289-90;serves in Parliament,291;death of,291

    Morel,Mary Richardson,206,209,288

    Morgan,J.P.,244

    Morgan John Tyler,79-80,152,242

    Morning Post (London),191-92

    Morris,James,212

    Morrison,William,259-60;and trial for exposure of Kasai abuses,262-63

    Moto gold mine,279

    Mountmorres,Viscount William,237

    Mozambique,42

    M’Putila of Bokote:witness to torture,253

    Mukimbungu mission,125

    Mulamba,rebel chief,129

    Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung ,240

    murders:extent of,in the Congo Free State,226-29,253,283. See also genocide

    Murray,Gilbert,290

    Museum of the Revolution(Moscow),292

    Muslim fundamentalists:in the Sudan,96-98

    Muslim slave trade:European crusade against,27-28,30,42,57,78,92,130

    mutinies:by soldiers,127-29;by children,135

    My Dark Companions and Their Strange Stories (Stanley),51

    Namibia,281-82

    Napoleon Ⅲ,emperor of France,36,40

    National Geographic ,147-48

    National Women’s Christian Temperance Union,243

    National-Zeitung ,240

    Nazi concentration camps,121,122,225,295

    Nègre du Congo ,148

    Negro Fellowship League,286

    Nehru,Jawaharlal,286

    Nerincx,Alfred,244

    Nève,Paul,68

    New Africa ,239

    New York American ,248,249

    New York Chamber of Commerce,80

    New York Herald ,26,29,48,50,98,112;Stanley begins working for,26

    Ngombi,72

    Niama,Mulume,124,278

    Nicholas Ⅱ,tsar of Russia,222

    Nieuwe Afrikaansche Handels Vennootschap,112

    Nile:search for source of,7,28,30,42;Leopold’s ambitions in valley of,96;plans for railroad connecting the Congo and,167

    Nisco,Baron Giacomo,250

    Noble Savage myth,210,270

    Nonconformism,211

    North American Review ,247

    Nzansu,chief of Kasi,125,126,144,278

    On Liberty (Mill),84

    Open Letter to … Leopold Ⅱ (Williams),102,108-11,112,114,140

    oral history in Africa,15,300

    Order of the African Star,116

    Ostend,168

    Ota Benga,176n

    pacification bases:Leopold proposes,45

    Paine,Thomas,187

    Parliament,British:resolution on the Congo,194,195,200;Stanley serves in,235;Leopold lobbies,238;Morel serves in,291

    Parry,Betsy,21-22

    Pelzer,Mathieu,127

    Pende people,15

    Permentier,René de,234

    Peruvian Amazon Rubber Company,267

    Philippines,the,41,282

    Phipps,Sir Constantine:British minister to Brussels,203-4

    photographic records:of Congo abuses,215,216-17,236,242,305

    Picard,Edmond,119-20

    Pike,Alice,48,50-51,56-57,96

    Pitt,William,the Younger,207

    Pocock,Edward,49,53

    Pocock,Frank,48,49,52

    Pond,James B.,104-5

    porters,119-20,129-30,144;in WWⅠ,278

    Portugal:and slave trade,10-11,14-15;relations with Affonso I of the Kongo,12-15;empire of,42,86,280;humanitarians boycott,258

    Portuguese explorers,7-9;and the Congo River,17

    Premorel,Raoul de,122,166,295

    Presbyterian Pioneers in the Congo (Sheppard),157

    press:takes up Morel’s crusade,215;Leopold employs in his defense,237-41

    Press Association,215

    Press Bureau,239-40;bribes by,240

    Prester John,7,10

    Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society ,42

    Protestant Nonconformism,211

    Putumayo Indians,267

    Pygmies,72-73;on exhibit in Belgium,176,176n

    Quakers,187,189,213

    quinine,90

    racism:of Stanley,68-69;of Europeans in the Congo,121;of Belgians,136;displayed in Heart of Darkness ,146-47,148;and exhibit of Congolese in Belgium,176-77;Pygmy exhibited in U.S.,176n;sexual stereotypes and,210

    railroads,27;building of Congo,82,91,92,119,143-44,167,170-72,271;Leopold invests in Chinese,169;casualties of building Congolese,171,279;luxury travel by,236;in French Congo,281

    Rawlinson,Sir Henry,44

    Reagan,Ronald,303

    reconnaissances pacifiques ,124

    Red Rubber …(Morel),211,216

    Réforme ,113

    reformist movements:British,211

    Reid,Sir Hugh Gilzean,191,238

    Report upon the Congo-State …(Williams),111

    Residential and Garden Real Estate Corporation of the Côte d’Azur,276

    Rhodes,Cecil,41,256

    Richthofen,Baron Ferdinand von,44

    rifles:technological advances,89-90;in trade with Congo,179-80

    Rockefeller,John D.,Jr.,243

    Rohlfs,Gerhard,43

    Roi,Simon,226

    Roi de Belges (steamboat),140,141-42,145

    Rolland,Romain,291

    Rom,Léon,137-38,162,260,261,284;as model for Kurtz in Heart of Darkness ,145-49;racism of,148

    Rommel,Eugène,125

    Roncière-le-Noury,Baron de la,44

    Roosevelt,Theodore,2,241,242,243,247,258,259,260

    Root,Elihu,243,249

    Rothschild family,46,91

    Rousseau,J.J.,210

    Royal Geographical Society,London,31,157

    Royal Museum for Central Africa,Tervuren,292-93

    Royal Order of the Lion,116

    rubber terror,158-66;origins of,158;products from,158-59;hostages taken during harvesting,161-62,189,230,231-32;Sheppard uncovers horrors of,164-65;hand severings and,164-66,172,173(see also hand severing in the Congo);sadism in,166;railroad building for,170-72(see also railroads);missionaries report on horrors of,172-73,190-91;Leopold tries to counter critics of,173-75;Morel mounts attack on,188-94,209-24;Casement investigates,200-203;Casement reports on,203-5;death toll from,225-34;decline in reports of abuses in,278;in WWⅡ,279,299;suppression of history of terror of,294-300

    rubber trees,cultivated,159-60;increase in,278

    rubber vine,wild,159-60,278;labor for harvesting of,160-61

    Rudolph,crown prince of Austria-Hungary,89,135,266

    Rufiji River,29

    Russell,Bertrand,289,290

    Russian Empire,61,90

    Ryan,Thomas,243

    Saint-Germain,Charles Gréban de,231

    Salisbury,Lord,167,194

    Samba ,215

    Sanford,Gertrude,58,81

    Sanford,Henry Shelton,112;background of,58-59;minister to Belgium,58-60;and Leopold’s colonial ambitions,66,76-82,85,105;business venture in Florida,76-77;lobbies for Leopold in America,77-82;seeks venture in the Congo,91,93,98;death of,93

    Sanford Exploring Expedition,91,195-96

    Sanga people,124

    Saturday Review ,145

    Scheut fathers,134

    Schnitzer,Eduard(Emin Pasha),96-98,99-100

    schooling in the Congo,134-35

    Scramble for Africa,26-27,74,82-84,255;in Heart of Darkness ,147

    sculpture,73-74;of the Kuba,156

    Semenov,Pyotr,45

    Seville,36-37;Spanish archives in,37

    sexual stereotypes of Africans,210

    Shanu,Hezekiah Andrew,218-21,278,305

    Shaw,George Bernard,286

    Sheldon,Mary French,237-38

    Sheppard,Lucy Gantt,158,265

    Sheppard,William,230,277,305;missionary travels in the Congo,152,153-58;early life of,153;record of work in the Congo,154-56;studies the Kuba,156-57;honored for work,157-58;marriage of,158;uncovers horrors of rubber terror in the Congo,164-65,172,173,259;on exposure of villagers,229;reports on Kuba rebellion,260-65;on trial for reportage,262-65;later career of,283

    Sherman,William Tecumseh,31,104

    Shinkolobwe mine,279

    Sjöblom,E.V,173,227

    slave labor in the Congo:chieftains selling men,129-30,164;Morel uncovers,180. See also forced labor in the Congo

    slavery:in Kingdom of the Kongo,9-10;practiced among Africans,9-11,119,301;abolished in British Empire,27-28;Anti-Slavery Conference(1889),92-93;in Turkey,93

    slaves,freed:American ambitions to colonize Africa with,78,79-80,105,152-53,242

    slave trade,10-11,16-17;Affonso I of Kongo opposes,13-14;depopulating the Kongo,14;European crusade against Afro-Arab,27-28,30,42,57,78,92,130,289;Leopold proposes pacification bases to abolish,45

    sleeping sickness,230,231

    smallpox,230

    Société Anversoise du Commerce au Congo,163,192

    South Africa,42,277;Union of,273;boycott of,277;Mandela and,306

    Southern Presbyterian Church:General Assembly of,152-53;missions in the Congo,153-55,158,173,259-65;missionaries on trial,262-65

    Soviet concentration camps,121,162-63,233-34,292,295

    Spanish-American War,168

    Spanish Empire,36-37,42

    Speckled Band,The (play),270-71

    Speke,John,27

    Spelier,Henri,255

    Stalin,Josef,233,295

    Stangl,Franz,122

    Stanley,Dorothy Tennant,96,150,235;marriage to Stanley,150-51

    Stanley,Henry Morton:background and youth of,21-23,31-32;renames himself,23;autobiography of,23-25;fictionalizes his life,23-25,31-32;fear of women,25,48,95;journals of,25,53-54;in the Civil War,25-26,103;begins journalist career,26;and How I Found Livingstone ,29;search for Livingstone,29-30,51;brutal as exploration leader,31,49,55,67-68,196;crosses Africa east to west along the Congo,42,47-56;skirmishes during explorations,49-50;and Congo exhibition,175;criticized by humanitarian groups,50;and In Darkest Africa ,51;and My Dark Companions and Their Strange Stories ,51;as reporter of his explorations,51-52;casualties of Congo River expedition,56;Leopold courts,57,60,61,62-63;hailed for Congo exploration,57-60;Leopold funds expedition by,63-65,67-72;harshness as colonizer,67-69,71;racism of,68-69;illnesses of,69-70;competition with rivals,70-71;book on founding of Congo Free State,81;at Berlin Conference,85-86;and Anti-Slavery Conference,93-94;as consultant to Leopold,95;and Emin Pasha Relief Expedition,97-100,141,150,196;Williams’s charges against Congo abuses by,109-11;marriage of,150-51;career as lecturer,151-52;defends Leopold,235;knighted and elected to Parliament,235;death of,235-36

    Stanley Cap,62

    Stanley Club,Paris,63

    Stanley Falls,48,54;station at,102;Williams visits,108-9;Conrad at,141,143-44;Rom at,145,149

    Stanley Pool,119

    Starr,Frederick,244

    starvation in the Congo:deaths from,229-30

    stations in Congo Free State,101-2;life in,116-17

    steamboats:invention of,27;and travel on the Congo,55,63,108;and colonization of the Congo,90;and slave labor in the Congo,119

    Stephanie,Princess,daughter of Leopold Ⅱ,39,89,135,265,275,277

    Steub,Ludwig von,240

    Stevens,Arthur,82

    Stinglhamber,Gustave,294

    Stokes,Charles,174

    Strauch,Maximilien,64-65,79,82,294

    sub-Saharan Africa:early European exploration of,6-8;slavery in,9-11

    Sudan:colonial rule in,96-98

    Suez Canal Company,38

    Svensson,Knut,227

    Swedish missionaries:125-26,172-73,227

    Taft,William Howard,245

    Tanzania,28,278

    Taylor,A.J.P.,213,288

    telegraph,27

    Temps,Le ,82

    Tennant,Dorothy. See Stanley,Dorothy Tennant

    Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy (Morel),288

    Tervuren,Duke of,224

    Thesiger,Wilfred,262

    Thiriar,Dr.Jules,39,265

    Through the Dark Continent (Stanley),51,63

    Tilkens,Édouard,190

    Times (London),2,57,96,169,215,238,239

    tin mining,278

    Tippu Tip,130-31,154

    Travels in West Africa (Kingsley),188

    travel writers in Africa,4-5,29,147-48,185,236;Leopold seeks favorable reports on the Congo from,237-38

    Trevelyan,Charles,287

    Tribune Congolaise ,204

    Trotha,Lothar von,282

    Truth about the Congo ,236,237

    Tshamakele cave killings,124

    Tswambe:eyewitness report on rubber trade horrors,166

    Tuckey,James K.,17-18,21

    Turkey,93

    Twain,Mark:on slave labor in the Congo,3;and Stanley,32;Morel and,210,241-42;and King Leopold’s Soliloquy ,242

    Twiss,Sir Travers,71,85

    Uganda,167;emperor of,50

    Union of Democratic Control,287-88,291

    United States:and Leopold’s ambitions in Africa,75-82,241;expansionist wars of,168,282;Morel takes Congo campaign to,241-43;Congo controversy in,241-49;involvement in the modern Congo,301-3

    Van Calcken,Raoul,253

    Vandervelde,Émile,165,263-64,273

    Vangroenweghe,Daniel,232

    Van Kerckhoven,Guillaume,196,197

    Vansina,Jan,157n,233,300

    Vatican,244

    Verdussen,Jean,166

    Victoria,queen of Great Britain,35,43,151,168,223

    Victor Napoleon,Prince,197,198n

    vumbi ,15

    Wack,Henry Wellington,245

    Wales,Prince of,43,59,88

    Washington,Booker T.,2,241,283

    Webb,Beatrice,237

    Webb,Sidney,237

    West African Mail ,186,187,189,209,213,218

    West African Missionary Association,251-52

    Wilberforce,William,207,211

    Wilde,Oscar,199

    Wilhelm Ⅱ,kaiser of Germany,166,222n;dislike for Leopold,240

    Williams,George Washington,4,102,129,140,152-53,185,277,305;Open Letter to Leopold,102,108-11,112,114,140;in Civil War,102-3;background of,102-6;education of,103;career of,103-6;black histories written by,104,105;and History of the Negro Race in America …,104;seeks journalist career,105-6;origins of interest in the Congo,105-7;interviews Leopold,106;visits the Congo,107-9;and Report upon the Congo-State …,111;death of,113;advocates local rule of the Congo,257

    Williams,Roger,78

    Wilson,Woodrow,291

    woodcarving,73-74

    World School of Colonialism,276

    World War Ⅰ,276,278,284;Casement’s pro-Irish activities in,284-85,288;Morel and antiwar movement,287-91;peace terms of,291;Belgium as victim in,295-96

    World War Ⅱ,279

    Yaka people,124

    Yamba-Yamba,rebel leader,128

    yellow fever,90

    Zanzibar,28