[1] 这些层次可参见本书作者所著的Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software(Microsoft Press,1999)。
[2] 斯蒂芬·科尔·克莱尼,“Origins of Recursive Function Theory”,Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 3, NO.1(Jan.1981),61。
[3] 斯蒂芬·科尔·克莱尼,Introduction to Metamathematics(D. Van Nostrand,1952),358-360。
[4] 克莱尼,Introduction to Metamathematics,358。
[5] 克莱尼,Introduction to Metamathematics,300,376。
[6] 克莱尼,Mathematical Logic(John Wiley & Sons,1967;Dover,2002),232。
[7] 参见B. Jack Copeland,The Essential Turing(Oxford University Press,2004),40,脚注61。
[8] 马丁·戴维斯,Computability and Unsolvability(McGraw-Hill,1958,Dover,1982),vii-viii。
[9] 马丁·戴维斯,Computability and Unsolvability,vii。
[10] 马丁·戴维斯,Computability and Unsolvability,70。
[11] Raúl Rojas,“How to Make Zuse’s Z3 a Universal Computer”,IEEE Annals of the History of Computing,Vol. 20,No. 3(1998),51-54。
[12] 阿兰·图灵,“Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals”,Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society,Series 2,Vol. 45(1939),172-173。
[13] 马丁·戴维斯,“The Myth of Hypercomputation”,Christof Teuscher,ed., Alan Turing:Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker(Springer, 2004),195–211。
[14] 参见C. Jack Copeland,“The Church-Tuning Thesis”里面有准确的评论。Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,http: //plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing。
[15] 这个故事来自Pamela McCorduc所著的Machines Who Think A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence [ 25th anniversersary edition(A. K. Peters,2004)89 ]一书中,由麦卡洛克的前学生Manual Blum所述。它也出现在由麦卡洛克的夫人Rook McCulloch编辑的Collected Works of Warren S. McCulloch [ Intersystems Publications,1989, Vol. I, 31 ]一书Manual Blum的文章“Notes on McCorduc-Pitts’ A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity”中 。故事的另一版本还详述于James A. Anderson和Edward Rosenfeld所编Talking Nets: An Oral History of Neural Networks [ MIT Press,1998,218 ]中对Michael A. Arbib的访谈。
[16] 采访自Jack D. Cowan Talking Nets,104。
[17] 采访自Jerome Y. Lettvin,Talking Nets,2。参见Jerome Y. Lettvin,“Warren and Walter”,Collected Works of Warren S. McCulloch,Vol. II,514-529,匹茨在图书馆开放时间用了一星期阅读《数学原理》。
[18] Neil R. Smalheiser “Walter Pitts”,Perspectives in Biology and Medicine,Vol.43,No. 2 (Winter 2000),218。
[19] Smalheiser,“Walter Pitts”, 22。
[20] 4F级别指“精神或身体上不适合服兵役”的一类人群。——译者注
[21] 同⑤。
[22] Tara H. Abraham,“Nicholas Rashevsky’s Mathematical Biophysics”,Journal of the History of Biology,Vol.37,No.2(Summer 2004),333–385。
[23] 沃伦·麦卡洛克,“What is a Number,That a Man May Know it, and a Man, That he May Know a Number ?”,Collected Words of Warren S. McCulloch,Vol. IV,1226。
[24] 麦卡洛克的很多传记信息来自Michael A. Arbib,“Warren McCulloch’s Search for the Logic of the Nervous System”,Perspectives in Biology and Medicine,Vol.43,No.2(Winter 2000),193–216。
[25] 采访自Jack D. Cowan,Talking Nets,102。
[26] Arbib,“Warren McCulloch’ s Search for the Logic of the Nervous System”,202。
[27] Arbib,“Warren McCulloch’s Search for the Logic of the Nervous System,”199。
[28] Tara H. Abraham,“(Physio)logical Circuits:The Intellectual Origins of the McCulloch-Pitts Neural Networks,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences,Vol.38,No.1(Winter 2002),19。
[29] 麦卡洛克和匹茨,“A Logical Calculus in the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity”,Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,Vol. 5(1943),129。也可参见 Collected Works of Warren S. McCulloch,Vol. I,357。
[30] 麦卡洛克Lloyd A. Jeffress,ed.,Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium(John Wiley & Sons, 1951),32–33。
[31] 麦卡洛克,“Mysterium Iniquitatis of Sinful Man Aspiring into the Place of God”,The Scientific Monthly,Vol. 80,No.1(Jan.1955),36。也见Collected Works of Warren S. McCulloch,Vol. III,985。
[32] 同上,38。
[33] Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman,Dark Hero of the Information Age: In Search of Norbert Wiener, the Father of Cybernetics(Basic Books,2005),21。
[34] Conway and Siegelman,Dark Hero,155。
[35] December 27, 1948 issue, 引自Conway and Siegelman,Dark Hero,182。
[36] 维纳,Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (John Wiley & Sons,1948;second edition,MIT Press,1961),12,13,14,15,页码出自第2版。
[37] 维纳,Cybernetics,120。
[38] 维纳,Cybernetics,144。
[39] Arbib,“Warren McCulloch’s Search for the Logic of the Nervous System,” 201-202。
[40] Conway and Siegelman,Dark Hero,222–229。
[41] Smalheiser,“Walter Pitts,”223。
[42] 冯·诺依曼,First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC(Moore School of Electrical Engineering,1945),§4.1。
[43] 同上,§4.2。
[44] William Aspray,“The Scientific Conceptualization of Information: A Survey”,Annals of the History of Computing,Vol. 7,No. 2(April, 1985),133。
[45] Letter of November 29,1946,from Miklós Rédei,ed.,John von Neumann: Selected Letters (American Mathematical Society,2005),278。
[46] 冯·诺依曼,“The General and Logical Theory of Automata”in Lloyd A. Jeffress,Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium(John Wiley & Sons,1951),1-41。
[47]《金西报告》原名《人类男性的性行为》,是世界性学史上的一部里程碑式的著作。在其广为流传后,人们更喜欢用作者的名字来称呼它。金西指作者阿尔弗雷德·金西,报告指它是一部性社会学意义上的调查报告和资料汇编。——译者注
[48] Letter of August 10,1949,quoted in Steve J. Heims,John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death(MIT Press,1980),212。
[49] Heims,John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener,369-371。
[50] William Aspray,John von Neumann and the Origins of Modem Computing(MIT Press,1990),203-204。
[51] 这种游戏后来被马丁·加德纳收录,Wheels, Life, and Other Mathematical Amusements(W. H. Freeman,1983)。
[52] 1974年1月21日发行,引自William Poundstone,The Recursive Universe:Cosmic Complexity and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge(William Morrow,1985),24。
[53] Paul Rendell,“A Turing Machine in Conway’s Game of Life”,March 8,2001。http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~bulitko/F02/papers/tm_words.pdf。也可见http://rendell-attic.org goltm.htm。
[54] 康拉德·楚泽,Calculating Space,译自Rechnender Raum(MIT Technical Translation,1970),22,(德文本p16)。
[55] Tom Siegned,The Bit and the Pendulum: From Quantum Computing to M Theory — The New Physics of Information(John Wiley & Sons,2000)。Hans Christian von Baeyer,Information: The New Language of Science(Harvard University Press,2003)。Charles Seife,Decoding the Universe: How the New Science of Information is Explaining Everything in the Cosmos from Our Brains to Black Holes(Viking,2006)。
[56] 约翰·阿奇博尔德·惠勒,“Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links”(1989) in Anthony J. G. Hey,ed.,Feynman and Computation: Exploring the Limits of Computers(Perseus Books,1999),311。
[57] 同上,314。但是惠勒引用了他写自1988年的另一篇论文。
[58] 大卫·多伊奇,The Fabric of Reality(Penguin Books,1997),132-135
[59] 塞思·劳埃德,Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos(Alfred A. Knopf,2006),46,53。
[60] 同上,54-55。
[61] 斯蒂芬·沃尔夫勒姆,A New Kind of Science(Wolfram Media,2002),538。
[62] 同上,720,721。
[63] Arbib,“Warren McCulloch’s Search for the Logic of the Nervous System”,213。
[64] 丹尼尔·丹尼特,interview in Susan Blackmore,Conversations on Consciousness: What the Best Minds Think About the Brain, Free Will, and What it Means to be Human(Oxford University Press,2006),81。
[65] 约翰·塞尔,“Minds, Brains, and Programs,”from The Behavioral and Brain Sciences,Vol. 3(Cambridge University Press,1980。Republished in Douglas R. Hofstandter and Daniel Dennett,eds.,The Mind’s I: Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul(Basic,Books,1981),353-373。
[66] 约翰·卢卡斯,“Minds, Machines and Gödel”,Philosophy,Vol. 36,No.137(Apr.-Jul. 1961),112-127。
[67] 丹尼尔·丹尼特,Consciousness Explained(Back Bay Books,1991),219。
[68] 皮埃尔-西蒙·拉普拉斯,A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities,译者Frederick Wilson Truscott 与 Frederick Lincoln Emory(John Wiley & Sons,1902,Dover,1995)。
[69] 劳埃德,Programming the Universe,98,36。
[70] 丹尼特,The Fabric of Reality,238。
[71] 同上,336,339。
[72] 沃尔夫勒姆,A New Kind of Science,739,741,750。
[73] 编剧鲍勃·盖尔,根据其与罗伯特·泽米吉斯的故事和人物改编。