4. 后果

1）“亚利桑那州立大学转而使用著名教育科技公司Knewton的适应性学习软件”——Knewton Technology Helped More Arizona State University Students Succeed, Knewton case study, 2013, http://www.knewton.com/assets-v2/downloads/asu-case-study.pdf.

2）“考试通过率从64%上升到75%”——很重要的一点在于，成绩的改善不能全部归功于Knewton的软件：亚利桑那州立大学同时也对政策进行了改进，学生可以分两学期修课，重修也无需学费。See Seth Fletcher, “Machine Learning,” Scientific American, August 2013, http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v309/n2/full/scientificamerican0813-62.html.

3）“为了提升平均准确度”——Jace Kohlmeier, “Khan Academy Machine Learning——Measurable Learning,”Derandomized（blog）, May 10, 2013, http://derandomized.com/post/51729670543/khanacademy-machine-learning-measurable-learning.

4）“许多家长对在课堂中积累的有关孩子的个人资料储备量感到非常担忧”——Natasha Singer, “Deciding Who Sees Students’ Data,” New York Times, October 5, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/business/deciding-who-sees-students-data.html.

5）“《纽约每日新闻报》这样报道inBloom在2013年进行的项目”——Corinne Lestch and Ben Chapman, “New York Parents Furious at Program, inBloom, That Compiles Private Student Information for Companies That Contract with It to Create Teaching Tools,” New York Daily News, March 13, 2013, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/student-data-compiling-system-outrages-article-1.1287990.

6）“我们的大脑不断忘记那些被认为与当下和未来无关且无用的过往细节”——Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age（Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009）.

7）“一些大学正在开展‘电子顾问’的实验”——“Minding the Gap: Education Technology Helps Minorities Do Better at University,”Economist, November 16, 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21589924-education-technology-helps-minorities-do-better-university-minding-gap.