see also specific sultans
Sultanahmet(Blue)mosque,21,74,189,206,211,269,276-77
sünnet,8
Sunni Islam,187
Superb,40,43,222,299
surnames,law requiring,126,263
Sweden,9,64,328,340-41
Switzerland,108,180,295
Syria,18,36,75,247,290,321
taksim,167
Taksim Square,72,140,195-96,262,316,318,349
Talât Pasha,34,37,42,56,306
tango,168-69,172
Tanin(The Echo),209
Tanpɪnar,Ahmet Hamdi,180,187
Tanzimat reform movement,32-33
Tarabya,42
Tatavla(Kurtuluş),64
Taurus Mountains,327
Tbilisi(Tiflis),43,100
Tcherniavsky,Mr.,114
Téhige,Madame de,378
Tenner,Katya,94
Tepebaşɪ,300,373
tesserae,283
Teutonia Club,286,297,310
Tevfik Fikret,209
Thessaloniki,see Salonica
Thomas,Frederick Bruce(Fyodor Fyodorovich Tomas),138-42,175
Thrace,18,51,53,77,78,82,92,193,289,299
Muslims in,121,123
violence against Jews in,186,356
time,in Istanbul,179-80
Tittmann,Harold H.,Jr.,352
tobacco,state monopoly on,33
Togo,208
Tokatlian Hotel,26,114,118,138,317,375
on Nazi approved list,297,331
Trotsky at,237-38
Tolstoy,Leo,110
Tolstoy,Vera,110
Tolstoy family,117
Tom’s Lancashire Bar,136
Topkapɪ Palace,14,19-20,44,49,95,267,361
Gate of Felicity of,361
Harem of,276,361
Toronto Daily Star,4,127
Toynbee,Arnold J.,6
Trabzon,225-26
Transnistria,346,360,362
trolleys,27,112,155,188,203,336
Trotsky,Leon,93,224,235-44,246-52,255,257,323
Trotsky,Lyova,236-37,241,244
tulumbacɪs(firefighters),19-20,64
turbans,restrictions on,186
Türkische Post,324
Turkish Airlines,123
Turkish army,84-87,115,120
in battle with Hellenes,78-80
see also Kemalist army
Turkish Council of Ministers,277,285
Turkish Hearth movement,203-4,209-10
Turkish language,9,13,43,122,126,161,167,188-89,240,310,375
reform of,181,189
Turkish nationalists,64,73,75-76,79-82,84-87,91,113,116,129,152,173,190-91,194,204,206,210,211-12,223-25,259,306
critics of,220-21
Halide and Adnan as,213-16
İnönü’s version of,294
violence against Jews by,185-86
see also Kemalists,Kemalism
Turkish National Museum,276
Turkish Orthodox church,119-20
Turkish Republic,155,160,173,213,219,222,230,318,369,374
Allies joined by,363,371
cinema of,157
clock and calendar change in,179-80
clothing laws in,181,191,201,263
creation of,115,118
critics of,221
economy of,223-24,225,371
espionage in,304-14
ethnic minorities in,120-23
exchange of minorities with Greece,121-23
first constitution of,120
foreign policy of,256,291
geographic importance of,295
Greece and,277,371-72
historians in,219
homogenization of,130,333
ideology of,189-90
industrial and agricultural development in,225
Islam disestablished as state religion in,181
Jewish refugees and,320-26,329-33,338-41,345-49
literature under,220-21
marginalizing of non-Muslims in,121-31
modernity and secularism of,4,6,168,181,182-84,186-89,191,197,256,263,267,277,279
modern notions of citizenship in,120-21,152
multiparty democracy in,215
national life centered in Ankara under,194-95
as nation-state,126
neutrality of,289-91,295,303-4,307,326,338,348
new civil code of,181,202,214
origins of,73-74
in Ottoman demise,77
population of,193-94
as primarily rural,224
purging of imperial influences by,189
religious-leaning government in early 21st century,182-83
reorganization of,85
surnames required in,126,263
territory of,192
Treaty of Lausanne and,114-15
war of independence in,57,125,127,171,189,196,214,219,223,291
in World War Ⅱ,303
Turkish revolution,77,84-87,181-82
Turkish Women’s Union,204
Turks,23,50,115,301
ancestry of,189-90
background and definition of,190
ethnic,194
Kurds,194
Ottoman past rejected by,4
secular,279
Turpin,F.W.,41
Turquoise club(Türkuvaz),141,161,258,375
Tuzla,97
typhus,149
Udi Hrant,see Kenkulian,Hrant
Ukraine,326,346,356,360
Ukrainians,99,101,246
Ülkümen,Selahattin,333
Unionists,91,162,183,203,209,210,214,221,222,238,255
Germany and,35,55,306
Mustafa Kemal influenced by,53
nationalism of,73,75
reforms demanded by,33-34
right-wing,226
Special Organization in,37-38
in World War Ⅰ,35,37
United Nations,364,371
United States,Americans,24,65,76,105,117,141,146,156,172,192,214,245,256,276,278
immigration quotas in,330
intelligence service of,223,308-12,314;see also Office of Strategic Services,US(OSS)
in Istanbul,3,43,50,138-41,318
Miss Universe pageant and,260-61
Pullman railway carriages in,22-23
racism and slavery in,138-39,150
refugees in Istanbul aided by,92
in World War Ⅰ,76,94
in World War Ⅱ,299
Urgan,Mîna,201,240
Üsküdar(neighborhood),42,143,206
Valens,Aqueduct of,41
Venice,278,283
Venizelos,Eleftherios,71-72,78,263,277
Vermehren,Erich,312
Vertinsky,Alexander,137
Vienna,24,41,79,137,138
Vilnius(Vilna),339-41
Vladimir of Kiev,269-70
Volunteer Army,Russian,93,95-96,105,117,139
von Papen,Franz,290,306,312,323,363
wagon-lit,23
Wagons-Lits Company,see Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands-Express Européens Walker,Archibald,309
War Refugee Board,327,337,345,358-59,360
Washington,D.C.,23,114,173-74,275,310,312,327,328,345
wealth transfers,130,333,369
Webb,Beatrice and Sidney,243
Wehrmacht,German,303,306,340,356
Werfel,Franz,165-66
White,Charles,17
White Russians,92-110,113-17,126,137,139-42,160,223,232,237,239,243,245,248-49,271,295,296,298,320,374
Whittemore,Thomas,117,271-72
Byzantine art and,273-86
Hagia Sophia and,277-83,286,310
Russian refugees and,105-10,276
Wilhelm Ⅱ,kaiser of Germany,71
Wilson,M.M.Carus,50
Winter Garden Theater,136
women,200-216,200,205
Kemalist values and,197,212
Kemal’s adopted daughters and new Turkish,182,186,205-6
legal rights for,202,214-15,259
in professions,202-3
trafficking of,150-51
in workforce,204
women,Muslim:
in beauty contests,258-62,263
head coverings for,201,211,212,215,259,375
as performers,167-68,170
seclusion of,138,156,159,201-2,259
women’s organization,203-4,209
Woods,Henry,207
World War Ⅰ,44,53,64,71,77,91,97,98,106,113,120,122,129,145,146,147,156,167,172,210,214,222,275,289,339
aftermath of,6,10,69,83,330
devastation of,8
results of,4
and Turkish boundaries,192
women in workforce after,204