see also specific sultans

    Sultanahmet(Blue)mosque,21,74,189,206,211,269,276-77

    sünnet,8

    Sunni Islam,187

    Superb,40,43,222,299

    surnames,law requiring,126,263

    Sweden,9,64,328,340-41

    Switzerland,108,180,295

    Syria,18,36,75,247,290,321

    taksim,167

    Taksim Square,72,140,195-96,262,316,318,349

    Talât Pasha,34,37,42,56,306

    tango,168-69,172

    Tanin(The Echo),209

    Tanpɪnar,Ahmet Hamdi,180,187

    Tanzimat reform movement,32-33

    Tarabya,42

    Tatavla(Kurtuluş),64

    Taurus Mountains,327

    Tbilisi(Tiflis),43,100

    Tcherniavsky,Mr.,114

    Téhige,Madame de,378

    Tenner,Katya,94

    Tepebaşɪ,300,373

    tesserae,283

    Teutonia Club,286,297,310

    Tevfik Fikret,209

    Thessaloniki,see Salonica

    Thomas,Frederick Bruce(Fyodor Fyodorovich Tomas),138-42,175

    Thrace,18,51,53,77,78,82,92,193,289,299

    Muslims in,121,123

    violence against Jews in,186,356

    time,in Istanbul,179-80

    Tittmann,Harold H.,Jr.,352

    tobacco,state monopoly on,33

    Togo,208

    Tokatlian Hotel,26,114,118,138,317,375

    on Nazi approved list,297,331

    Trotsky at,237-38

    Tolstoy,Leo,110

    Tolstoy,Vera,110

    Tolstoy family,117

    Tom’s Lancashire Bar,136

    Topkapɪ Palace,14,19-20,44,49,95,267,361

    Gate of Felicity of,361

    Harem of,276,361

    Toronto Daily Star,4,127

    Toynbee,Arnold J.,6

    Trabzon,225-26

    Transnistria,346,360,362

    trolleys,27,112,155,188,203,336

    Trotsky,Leon,93,224,235-44,246-52,255,257,323

    Trotsky,Lyova,236-37,241,244

    tulumbacɪs(firefighters),19-20,64

    turbans,restrictions on,186

    Türkische Post,324

    Turkish Airlines,123

    Turkish army,84-87,115,120

    in battle with Hellenes,78-80

     see also Kemalist army

    Turkish Council of Ministers,277,285

    Turkish Hearth movement,203-4,209-10

    Turkish language,9,13,43,122,126,161,167,188-89,240,310,375

    reform of,181,189

    Turkish nationalists,64,73,75-76,79-82,84-87,91,113,116,129,152,173,190-91,194,204,206,210,211-12,223-25,259,306

    critics of,220-21

    Halide and Adnan as,213-16

    İnönü’s version of,294

    violence against Jews by,185-86

     see also Kemalists,Kemalism

    Turkish National Museum,276

    Turkish Orthodox church,119-20

    Turkish Republic,155,160,173,213,219,222,230,318,369,374

    Allies joined by,363,371

    cinema of,157

    clock and calendar change in,179-80

    clothing laws in,181,191,201,263

    creation of,115,118

    critics of,221

    economy of,223-24,225,371

    espionage in,304-14

    ethnic minorities in,120-23

    exchange of minorities with Greece,121-23

    first constitution of,120

    foreign policy of,256,291

    geographic importance of,295

    Greece and,277,371-72

    historians in,219

    homogenization of,130,333

    ideology of,189-90

    industrial and agricultural development in,225

    Islam disestablished as state religion in,181

    Jewish refugees and,320-26,329-33,338-41,345-49

    literature under,220-21

    marginalizing of non-Muslims in,121-31

    modernity and secularism of,4,6,168,181,182-84,186-89,191,197,256,263,267,277,279

    modern notions of citizenship in,120-21,152

    multiparty democracy in,215

    national life centered in Ankara under,194-95

    as nation-state,126

    neutrality of,289-91,295,303-4,307,326,338,348

    new civil code of,181,202,214

    origins of,73-74

    in Ottoman demise,77

    population of,193-94

    as primarily rural,224

    purging of imperial influences by,189

    religious-leaning government in early 21st century,182-83

    reorganization of,85

    surnames required in,126,263

    territory of,192

    Treaty of Lausanne and,114-15

    war of independence in,57,125,127,171,189,196,214,219,223,291

    in World War Ⅱ,303

    Turkish revolution,77,84-87,181-82

    Turkish Women’s Union,204

    Turks,23,50,115,301

    ancestry of,189-90

    background and definition of,190

    ethnic,194

    Kurds,194

    Ottoman past rejected by,4

    secular,279

    Turpin,F.W.,41

    Turquoise club(Türkuvaz),141,161,258,375

    Tuzla,97

    typhus,149

    Udi Hrant,see Kenkulian,Hrant

    Ukraine,326,346,356,360

    Ukrainians,99,101,246

    Ülkümen,Selahattin,333

    Unionists,91,162,183,203,209,210,214,221,222,238,255

    Germany and,35,55,306

    Mustafa Kemal influenced by,53

    nationalism of,73,75

    reforms demanded by,33-34

    right-wing,226

    Special Organization in,37-38

    in World War Ⅰ,35,37

    United Nations,364,371

    United States,Americans,24,65,76,105,117,141,146,156,172,192,214,245,256,276,278

    immigration quotas in,330

    intelligence service of,223,308-12,314;see also Office of Strategic Services,US(OSS)

    in Istanbul,3,43,50,138-41,318

    Miss Universe pageant and,260-61

    Pullman railway carriages in,22-23

    racism and slavery in,138-39,150

    refugees in Istanbul aided by,92

    in World War Ⅰ,76,94

    in World War Ⅱ,299

    Urgan,Mîna,201,240

    Üsküdar(neighborhood),42,143,206

    Valens,Aqueduct of,41

    Venice,278,283

    Venizelos,Eleftherios,71-72,78,263,277

    Vermehren,Erich,312

    Vertinsky,Alexander,137

    Vienna,24,41,79,137,138

    Vilnius(Vilna),339-41

    Vladimir of Kiev,269-70

    Volunteer Army,Russian,93,95-96,105,117,139

    von Papen,Franz,290,306,312,323,363

    wagon-lit,23

    Wagons-Lits Company,see Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands-Express Européens Walker,Archibald,309

    War Refugee Board,327,337,345,358-59,360

    Washington,D.C.,23,114,173-74,275,310,312,327,328,345

    wealth transfers,130,333,369

    Webb,Beatrice and Sidney,243

    Wehrmacht,German,303,306,340,356

    Werfel,Franz,165-66

    White,Charles,17

    White Russians,92-110,113-17,126,137,139-42,160,223,232,237,239,243,245,248-49,271,295,296,298,320,374

    Whittemore,Thomas,117,271-72

    Byzantine art and,273-86

    Hagia Sophia and,277-83,286,310

    Russian refugees and,105-10,276

    Wilhelm Ⅱ,kaiser of Germany,71

    Wilson,M.M.Carus,50

    Winter Garden Theater,136

    women,200-216,200,205

    Kemalist values and,197,212

    Kemal’s adopted daughters and new Turkish,182,186,205-6

    legal rights for,202,214-15,259

    in professions,202-3

    trafficking of,150-51

    in workforce,204

    women,Muslim:

    in beauty contests,258-62,263

    head coverings for,201,211,212,215,259,375

    as performers,167-68,170

    seclusion of,138,156,159,201-2,259

    women’s organization,203-4,209

    Woods,Henry,207

    World War Ⅰ,44,53,64,71,77,91,97,98,106,113,120,122,129,145,146,147,156,167,172,210,214,222,275,289,339

    aftermath of,6,10,69,83,330

    devastation of,8

    results of,4

    and Turkish boundaries,192

    women in workforce after,204